This research was to investigate the individual competition characteristics of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis forests using 13 variables including RD(Relative breast height diameter),RH(Relative tree height),RCB(Relative crown breadth),RCL(Relative crown long),RCA(Relative crown area),CV(Tree crown volume),TCEL(Tree crown extend limit),TCR(Tree crown ratio),TCOR(Tree crown orbicular ratio),TCPR(Tree crown projection ratio),GSI(Growth space index),GSCI(Growth space competition index),CI(Competition index).According to the results from the variables,the tree species can be classified into two types:strong and weak species.Pinus tabulaeformis belongs to the former,and Platycladus orientalis the latter.Research results of biomass,root system,water use,drought resistance and distribution and structure characteristics also provided support for this classification.

Sonneratia apetala plays an active role in restraining the extend of Spartina alternifloral and restoring the mangrove wetland,however it is an introduced species S.apetala has been planted in the Qi'ao Island since 1999.This article surveyed the seed output and seedling natural diffuse of the S.apetala and its circumjacent wetland.The result showed that the output of the four year'old S.apetala in Qi'ao Island was 30.51 kg per tree per year,the number of the fruits was about 2706 per tree,and every fruit included 30 to 50 seeds.S.apetala seedlings were most distributed about 40 seedlings per 16m² at ditches; secondary were about 8 seedlings per 16m² at bare beaches near by the forest,about 3.5 seedlings per 16m² inside the Spartina alterniflora,and the least were inside the forest of S.apetala with only 1 seedlings per 16m².This study showed that the fruits were much more than seedlings,and perennial seedling was hard to see.Therefore,it was difficult for S.apetala to naturally regenerated and succeeded in the Qi'ao Island.

Based on the GIS and aerial images of 2003a,this paper studies the spatial pattern of urban green landscape of Shanghai via landscape ecological theory.The green landscape was consists of several kinds according to landscape type and patch size.The spatial database of green landscape was built in MYSQL.The research area was divided into eight units.General distribution characters of urban green landscape was discussed at the level of landscape patch,landscape type and mosaic based on the theories of landscape ecological and spatial analysis.Several ecological indices of landscape,such as patches number,standard deviation of area,average area,fragmentation index and so on,was selected to research the quantitative characters of mosaic structure of urban green landscape.The main purpose is to reveal the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban green landscape during urban expansion and to provide decisions supporting for urban developing,managing and to solve urban ecological and environmental problems.

Effects of 5 antibiotics(chloramphenicol,penicillin,streptomycin,kanamycin sulfate,gentamycini sulfate) at different concentrations on the growth of Nannochloropsis ocutala were studied.Results showed that at 50 μg·mL^-1,growth of N.ocutala was significantly inhibited by chloramphenicol,the highest inhibition was 85.30%,Ic₅₀ of 2 d and 4 d was 293.64 μg·mL^-1 and 67.69 μg·mL^-1,respectively.Followed by penicillin,gentamycini sulfate,and kanamycin sulfate,the inhibition rate of 4 d was 8.95%,7.62% and 3.84%,respectively.And 2 d Ic₅₀ of gentamycini sulfate was 316.40 μg·mL^-1.Growth of N.ocutala was not inhibited significantly by streptomycin,the inhibition rate was only 3%.According to susceptibility tests of antibiotics,a strategy of serial antibiotic treatments to obtain axenic culture was carried out:50 μg·mL^-1 penicillin,50 μg·mL^-1 gentamycini sulfate,100 μg·mL^-1 kanamycin sulphate,50 μg·mL^-1 streptomycin.

The adaptability of mangrove species Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham.,Sonneratia caseolaris(L.) Engl.,Kandelia candel Druce on the mudflat with diverse altitudes were studied in Shenzhen Bay,located at the mouth of Zhujiang River,south China,to discover their endurance to sea-water inundation.Results showed that:(1) At a certain range of mudflat altitudes,the survival rate and growth of mangrove species S.apetala Buch.-Ham.at altitudes of mudflat -12~35.5 cm,S.caseolaris(L.) Engl.-1~24 cm,turned to decrease following the descending of mudflat,namely,intensification of inundation,while the survival rate and growth amount of K.candel Druce at altitudes of mudflat-12~24 cm,remained relatively unaffected by the variation of mudflat altitudes;(2)The survival rate of all the species studied became increasingly lower as the growth period became longer.The survival rate decreased greatly during the first year after being planted,showing the growth and survival was unstable at the early stage of development; after one year,the survival rate of S.apetala Buch.-Ham.and S.caseolaris(L.) Engl.tended to be steady,while that of K.candel Druce continued to decrease,difficult to exist in the long run.(3)The inundation limit that S.apetala Buch.-Ham.could stand was the mudflat altitude of 10 cm,and 6.5 cm for S.caseolaris(L.),and at least 24 cm for K.candel Druce.All species studied can hardly settle on mudflat below these altitude limits.To ensure them to grow and multiply normally,it is suggested to plant them on the mudflat above these altitude limits.

In this paper,three Landsat TM images(obtained in 1989,1993 and 1997) and SPOT5 image(in 2004)were interpreted as basic information sources.With the support of remote sensing and GIS techniques,the classification system of landscape of the region was established; this study area was divided into 3 primary landscape types and 10 secondary landscape types.Spatial information database of landscape was created,and the basic data including properties and graph were analyzed.Selective indexes reflecting the spatial pattern were chosen based on the theory of landscape ecology,by calculation and analysis of these indexes,the dynamic change characteristics of landscape spatial pattern over the past 16 years were studied.The results show that the spatial pattern of landscape in Xiang'an District has been obviously changed.From 1989 to 2004,cultivated land seriously decreased,and the landscape pattern,which was dominated by agriculture and forest in 1989,gradually transformed to artificial landscape,such as residential area and construction land.The patch area of artificial landscape such as land for towns and villages has been increasing,and their patches have been congregating.Aquaculture industry was rapidly expanding,a great of silt beach and shallow sea shore were reclaimed.The regional landscape was becoming more fragmental,diversity index and fragmentation index increased continuously,it was due to the increase of human disturbance.The regional landscape develops towards artificialization,at present the study area has been changed to mixed landscape.Meanwhile,the change of regional landscape pattern has caused a series of landscape ecological effects,such as environmental quality degradation,landscape patch fragmentation,etc.

The relationship between environmental factors and the modular structure of wild Brassiea juncea in Tibet was investigated.Results showed that 1):the numbers of plant silique,the numbers of seed of silique and the weight of seed are the important index representing the yield of wild B.juncea in Tibet,and the weight increasing followed the numbers of plant silique,the numbers of seed of silique and the weight of seed.2):the stem system was the foundation for the whole plant,while the first grade branch system is derived from the stem system.The relationship among these factors indicates the integration in the modular structure of wild B.juncea population.3):a strong relationship among the length of first branch,the silique numbers in first branch,the numbers of second branch and the diameter of the first branch in the first grade branch system was observed,but weeker between the height of the first branch.4):between the seven environmental factors investigated and the modules of the plant are higher relative,which shows that the environmental factors strongly affect the growth and distribution of wild B.juncea population.Mean while the temperature is more important factor than the other factors,and the precipitation is an indirect environment factor for wild B.juncea population.

Base on the conserved 16S rDNA gene of microcystis,cyanobacteria and microcystin synthetase gene B(mcyB).A duplex PCR and nested PCR were used to detect toxic species at eight scenic sites,including 108 water samples in Guangzhou of Guangdong province in three seasons.Results show that total positive ratio of toxic Microcystis was 38.9% in winter,94.4% in summer,and 92.5% in autumn.This study demonstrated that toxic Microcystis distributed in winter,summer and autumn and Microcystins pollutions in Guangzhou scenic sites was mainly in summer and autumn.

Morphological characteristics of Ipomoea cairica was observed and they included biomass,length of root and stem etc.in two different growing periods and the data were analyzed statistically.The results showed roots,stems and leaves increased two to five times between 3-month old and 5-month old plants.Water content was among 7.41%~82.99% without any significant difference.Significant difference was observed for root/shoot ratio,in which the root/shoot ratio of Ipomoea cairica was lower than other herbaceous plants.Root lengths reached 57cm and 87cm,and mean stem lengths 319cm and 714cm at the two growth periods,with significant difference in root/stem ratio.Research results provide basic data for dealing with invasive species and controlling Ipomoea cairica invasion.

Based on the comparison of the differences of aquatic community structure such as the species composition,density,biomass and diversity indexes of phytoplankton,zooplankton,and aquatic vascular vegetation between the riparian buffer zone and the non-riparian buffer zone of Dongfenggang,this paper assessed the effect of riparian buffer zone on the aquatic community structure.Results showed that the number of species of phytoplankton in riparian zone was more than that in the non-riparian zone,and most of them lived in clean water.The community structure of zooplankton in riparian zone was much more complex than that in the non-riparian zone; the number of species,density and biomass of zoobenthos in riparian zone was more than those in non-riparian zone.Furthermore,the riparian zone possess a more diversified community structure of aquatic vascular vegetation.All these results showed that the riparian buffer zone has a better aquatic community structure than the non- riparian buffer zone,which means the riparian buffer zone has a good effect on enhancing the diversity of aquatic organism and perfecting the community structure.

The fish cytochrome P450 1A(CYP1A) gene is a useful biomarker in assessing contamination of the aquaticenvironment.In this paper,the CYP1A cDNA sequence of white cloud mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes wereinvestigated.Total RNA was isolated from white cloud mountain minnow treated with β-NF,the cDNA of white cloudmountain minnow CYP1A gene were obtained using RT-PCR and RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends) PCRamplification from total RNA.The results of sequence analysis indicated that the white cloud mountain minnow CYP1A cDNAhas 2177bp,containing an open reading frame(ORF) of 1566bp encoding a 521 amino acids protein which yields a proteinmolecular weight is 58.5kDa.The obtained sequence possesses all characteristic motifs of teleost CYP1A genes including thestart codon,heme-binding cysteine(position 456-465),arginine codon(position 281) integral to enzymatic function and stopcodon(position 522).Alignment of the deduced amino acids of CYP1A cDNAs showed 87.7%、70.1%、76.2%、62.2%、54.5%、55.7% identities with Danio rerio,Fundulus heteroclitus,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Microgadus tomcod,Homo sapiens,Musmusculus,respectively.

The damage of Mikania micrantha to different plant communities,to every plant species in communities and interspecific associations between M.micrantha and trees or shrubs in the communities were analyzed.The vegetation in study site was damaged seriously by M.micrantha.The average coverage of M.micrantha in herbaceous,shrub community and evergreen broadleaved forest was above 80%,60%,and 30%.Shrubs and trees were damaged hardest by M.micrantha in ratio and degrees of damage,while herbs and liana were damaged slightly.A total of 30 species of trees accounting for 62.5% of those in plots were damaged by M.micrantha.In comparison,29 species of shrubs accounting for 70.73% of those in plots were damaged and 10 species of herbs accounting for 33.33%.The results indicated that 12 species of trees,which accounted for 42.86% of the main trees(28 species) and most of which were heliophytes,showed positive association with M.micrantha.Of which,Leucaena glauca,Celtis austro-sinensis showed significant positive association.Sixteen species of trees,which accounted for 57.66% of the main trees,showed negative association.Cratoxylon cochinchinensis showed significant negative association with M.micrantha,while Liquidambar formasana,Viburnum odoratissimum and Machilus kwangtungensis showed significant negative association with M.micrantha.Eleven species of shrubs,which accounted for 57.89% of the main shrubs(19 species) and most of which were heliophytes,showed positive association with M.micrantha.Nine species of Lantana camara,Vitex negundo var.cannabifolia and Vitex negundo showed significant positive association with M.micrantha.Eight species of shrubs,which accounted for 42.11% of the main shrubs,showed negative association with M.micrantha.Most of them were heliophytes except Psychotria rubra that was shade-tolerant shrub.Four species,Litsea rotundifolia var.oblongifolia,Alchornea trewioides,Ilex asprella and Psychotria rubra,showed significant negative association with M.micrantha.

The Yellow River beach in Zhengzhou city was taken as the research area,based on the on-the-spot investigation and the satellite photo materials through reconstruction aim was located reasonably,the landscape structure was controlled,the landscape district was divided and the ecology-economic method was used,the ecological reconstruction planning of the Yellow River beach in Zhengzhou city was carried on.Ecosystem of the Yellow River beach in Zhengzhou city contains huge potential ecosystem service functions and values.Main performance:ecological functions:maintaining biodiversity function,adjusting climate and self-controlling water source function,maintaining soil and purifying environment function,preventing disaster function; economical production functions and social functions:scientific research and education function,traveling and inheritance value.

The total fat content and fatty acid composition of 13 microalgae were analyzed.Results showed that fatty acid composition among different categories varied greatly.Chlorophyta contained 16C and 18C commonly.The fatty acid composition of Chromophyta were similar,among which Chrysophyta contains characteristics fatty acids such as 14:0,16:0,18:1,18:4 etc,while primary fatty acids of Phaeodactylum tricornutum are 14:0,16:0,16:1,16:3 and 20:5,the main fatty acids in Pinguiococcus pyrenoidosus were 14:0,16:0,20:5,and Porphyridium contains 16:0,20:4 and 20:5.Dunaliella salina had the highest proportions of Linolenic acid(about 60.9% of the total fatty acid).Isochrysis zhanjianggensis possessed the highest proportion of Parinaric acid(about 19.6% of the total fatty acid).The Arachidonic acid in Porphyridium and Eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)in P.pyrenoidosus were about 17.1% and 20.9% of the total fatty acids respectively.

Microcystins are hepatotoxic,causing necrosis and pooling of blood in the liver of fish.In this paper,RT-PCR was used to study the effects caused by microcystins on several important cytokines of zebra fish such as interleukin-1β(IL-1β),IL-8,IL-10,interferon(IFN),tumor necrosis factor(TNF),CXC and CXCa.Sixty zebra fish were divided into experimental group and the control,thirty in each group.The experimental group was cultivated outdoor exposing to microcystins,and the control cultivated indoor with water replacement daily.The results showed that:1) after 25 days,IFN and TNF in the liver of experimental group could be detected; 2) after 35 days,IL-10 in the gill of experimental group,CXCa in the liver of experimental group,IL-1β,TNF,IL-10,CXC and IFN in the liver of both groups were observed,and the expressions of IL-1β,TNF,IL-10 in experimental fish were higher than those of the control; 3) after 45 days,IFN in the gill and liver of experimental group,CXC in the gill of experimental group,IL-10 in gill,intestines,kidney and muscle of control group,IL-10 in liver,egg,kidney and muscle of experimental group,IL-1β in liver,egg,kidney and muscle of both groups were expressed,but expressions of IL-1β in experimental group were higher than those of the controls.In conclusion,these results suggested that the inflammation occurred in liver and gill of experimental group.

The study investigated the species composition,community structure and species diversity of zooplankton in the eastern zone of Lake Chaohu and analyzed the water quality and the type of nourishment from June 2005 to June 2006.And one hundred and fifty-three species of zooplankton were found,of which fifty-nine species were Protozoa(38.56%),forty-eight species were Rotifera(31.37%),twenty-six species were Cladocera(16.99%),twenty species were Copepoda(13.07%).The Margralaf Index showed that the species diversity was very low during the study period and the species diversity was varied with the season.The results from the analysis of saprobic system showed that from June in 2005 to June in 2006 the eastern zone of Lake Chaohu was in the state of β-mesosaprobic zone.By using the quantity of zooplankton as the biology quantity index of nourishing degree in lakes,the eastern zone of Lake Chaohu was in the state of eutrophication from June to September in 2005 and from March to June in 2006.

This paper contributes to the development of critical levels of heavy metal Pb in soil at which agriculture production of food is safe.In this study,a remediation criterion for Pb in soil is derived from the relationship from the Pb concentration and biomass of wheat between the total and available Pb in soil.Results showed that concentration of Pb in wheat increased with the increase of Pb application.With the biomass dropped by 10% set as the critical point for soil Pb pollution to be toxic to wheat in brown soil,the critical value is 292 mg·kg^-1 for total Pb,7mg·kg^-1 for available Pb.Given the food quality standard and a maximum acceptable probability of exceeding this standard,the Pb concentration in brown soil is 170 mg·kg^-1 for total Pb,4 mg·kg^-1 for available Pb.

Culfur content of the leaves and chlorophyll fluorescence of 9 garden plant species from Shenzhen were measured in November 2005 to evaluate effect of atmospheric SO₂ and to select bio-indicators for atmospheric SO₂ monitoring.These plant species include Excoccaria cochinchinensis,Sanchezia nobilis,Codiaeum variegatum,Saruma henryi,aryota mitis,Ficus microcarpa var.pusillifolia,Ficus altissima,Pittosporum tobir aand Duranta repens cv.\'Dwarf Yellow\'.Under natural condition,the sulfur content in leaves of Sanchezia nobilis was the highest,and that for Codiaeum variegatum was the lowest.Sulfur contents of leaves treated with distilled water from the 9 species showed very slight change.When treated with NaHSO₃,the sulfur contents in seven of the 9species increased,especially in the leaves of C.variegatum.The same 9 species were collected from two gardens where the atmospheric SO₂ concentration is different:Small Nan Hills with high air SO₂ and World Exhibition Park with low air SO₂.Except for P.tobira,the other 8 species had higher sulfur contents and lower F_v/F_m in Small Nan Hills than in the World exhibition Park.This result demonstrates that F_v/F_m of the 9 plant species is a suitable parameter to indicate pollution from atmospheric SO₂.

A process of hydrolytic acidification-contact oxidation-flocculation was optimized,and applied in the treatment of wastewater from a ribbon weaving factory in Zhuhai,Guangdong Province.Results showed that the pollutants were successful removed from waster water after using FeSO4 as flocculant and 20 h contact oxidation.After treatment,pH and Chroma decreased 2.9 and 85%,respectively.Both CODcr and BOD₅ were removed more than 90%.This method ensured the effluent meet the waster water discharged standards of Guaongdong(DB44/26-2110).The experimental results indicated this technique can provide a flexible method in the wastewater treatment and provide useful information for similar wastewater treatment.

Habitat fragmentation reduces the total area of original habitat,creates isolated subpopulations,thus disrupting individual behaviour,the exchange of genes between populations,species interaction and ecological processes.The processes of habitat fragmentation cause the changes of biological and non-biological factors,such as foods,breeding place,local microclimate and edge effect etc.These processes affect the size,extinction speed,diffusion,immigration,inherit and variation,viability of plant population,also affect the metapopulation dynamics,suitable habitat proportion,extinction threshold and interspecific interactions of animal population.With the unification of landscape ecology and agriculture,pest management by means of landscape composition will have a new prospect.