Road is one of the important reasons that cause the marginal habitats in the forest landscapes,and the estimation of its effect distance on plant species diversity and soil physical characteristic is a key issue to integrate the road effect and ecological processes in forest area.In this paper,the forest community and the soil at a distance of 0 m to 108 m from the each side of two 6-8 m wide roads with different use intensity in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve were installed to conduct vegetation investigation,air temperature and soil analysis.The results are as follows.The ecological factors including air temperature,soil temperature,soil water content and soil pH showed a positive edge effect in the road-effect zone of the two different use intensity roads,and the effect distance of high use intensity road reached up to 12 m to 24 m longer than the low use intensity one.Within the road effect distance 20 m from the roadside, Shannon-Wiener index of tree layer was significantly higher than the forest away from the road 100 m.The effect distance of Shannon-Wiener index of herbaceous layer beside the high use intensity road was higher than the low use intensity one,with the distance of 12 m to 24 m.Herbaceous plants of roadside were 7 to 11 kinds more than the ones of 100 m from the roads.

Based on the 348 km² experimental area located at the middle part of Qiantang River,the research integrated NDVI,texture features, elevation and slope features generated from DEM and other spatial data,extended SPOT5 image's spectrum features,and automatically extracted land-use information by C5.0 Algorithm.Comparing to the maximum likelihood classification,the result showed the validity of training samples and usage of assistant feature data could eliminate the disturbing information.When the number of sample points increased, the accuracy of classification could be improved subsequently.The rules were easy to understand while the accuracy was the same,when decision tree changed to the decision rules.By using C5.0 Algorithm,the total accuracy could reach 94.68%,which was 7.37% higher than maximum likelihood classification.C5.0 Algorithm achieved high accuracy classification,which is one of the quick and accurate methods to extract land-use information on Qiantang River drainage area.

As the main composition of terrestrial ecosystem,forest plays an important role in improving environment as well as providing favorable social,economic and culture benefits.Environmental problems in the process of socio-economic development,such as climate change,forest degradation,water pollution,can be alleviated through forest planning and protection.Heshan city,which locates in Guangdong Province,also faces the same eco-environmental problems during the industrial development.The forest ecosystem has been affected due to interference.For this,this paper focused on the forest resources of Heshan City.Based on the forestry status,social and economy development condition,and assessment of ecosystem service,this study provided a long-term and short-term forestry development objective as well as forestry structural and spatial distribution planning for Heshan City.The proposed forestry pattern can be illustrated as "two belts" in the northern part,"one core and five wedges" in the central part,and "one section" in the west part.The planning will optimize the forestry and benefit to the sustainable development in Heshan City.

In order to research the impact of tourist activity on Upupa epops,according to the features of China wetland ecotourism zone of Phoenix Island in Yangzhou,we divided it into four areas based on different functions-mass tourism area (more than 4000 meters from key protection area),ecotourism area(1 200-4 000 meters from key protection area),buffer area (600-1 200 meters from key protection area),and key protection area(area within a radius of 600 meters)during Feb.20^th,2011-Apr.17^th ,2011.After selecting 12 monitoring points,we recorded the appearance time,location,habitat,behavior habits, number,etc.of Upupa epops with fixed-point direct counting method by using binoculars and monocular,we monitored the noise of wetland ecotourism zone with sound level meter of Epworth Type AWA5633A,we analyzed the impact of tourist activity on habitation and living of Upupa epops,and we finally proposed solutions and ideas to solve the conflict between the scientific management of tourist activities and the environment protection.

Phragmites australis population ecology characteristics and the surface inundated depth of the natural state land-lake ecotone wetland of Heihe River Basin were investigated,and the coverage,height,density and ground biomass of P.australis population were analyzed.The results are as follows.The growth process of land-lake ecotone wetland of P.australis population had obvious seasonal rule.P.australis population coverage showed a trend of increasing first but decreasing later with seasons,with its peak of 99.7% in late August.P.australis population height increased with the seasons.P.australis population density had a tendency of increasing, decreasing and increasing with the seasons.P.australis population ground biomass increased rapidly during May to June,and during July to August,but increased slowly during June to July,and it peaked at August,after when it decreased gradually.The flooded depth had a significant effect on P.australis population ecological characteristics.Coverage,height,density and biomass rates of population were significantly related with the change flooded depth(p<0.05).

The ecosystem of island is unique but fragile.Building and managing island protected area is of vital significance in maintaining the balance of island ecosystem,and promoting sustainable utilization of island resources and environment.The development and distribution situation of island protected areas in China were analyzed in the paper.By the end of 2011,117 island protected areas had been established in China,and a system of island protected area has been preliminarily formed in China up to now.A distribution map of the island protected areas in China was drawn based on GIS.The characteristics of type,geographical distributions and departments in charge of these protected areas were also analyzed respectively.At present,there are still some problems existing in the establishment and management of island protected areas,such as the conflict between protection and development,limited funding channels,and inefficient management.In the end,some management countermeasures based on these problems were put forward.

The nutrient competitive relationship between the seedlings of S.apetala and S.alterniflora were studied by the separation-planted method.The results showed that the competition had stimulated the height,diameter,crown width,number of branches,and leaf number of S.apetala,but inhibited its leaf area.The ground competition increased the aboveground biomass of S.apetala,but had little effect on the shoot ratio.The underground competition increased the aboveground biomass of S.alterniflora,but reduced its root biomass,and resulted in a minimum shoot radio.Underground competition promoted the main root growth of S.apetala, and inhibited the lateral root growth,but the ground competition was opposite;with the increased competition,root activity was decreased.The root activity of S.alterniflora was significantly decreased in underground competition.Both of chlorophyll a and b of the two species were reduced in ground competition.Under all competitive conditions,the content of P,K,Ca and Mg had no significant change,but the content of N was significantly reduced in ground competition of the two species.The competitive intensity of S.alterniflora was slightly higher than that of S.apetala,but the ground competition intensity of S.apetala was much higher than that of S.alterniflora,and the underground competition intensity of S.alterniflora and S.apetala had little difference.

The system positioning observation and analysis of arthropod community structure and composition in hybrid aprum orchard, show that the pest species of hybrid aprum orchard is aphids,leaf mites,moth,scale insects,sucking,leaf-eating,etc..The most serious species is aphids,leaf mites,and the borer class,and the numbers of these three pests affect fruit production.Storage grass orchard predators are mainly the spider class,lady beetles and chrysopidae class,and these three hostiles have certain control function to the main insect pests and play an important role in maintaining the balance with their orchard pests and hostiles.The number of structure of each function groups,ecological advantage degree and diversity analysis show that intercropping forage orchard of arthropod community construction is more stable,all kinds of community index is relatively balance and natural enemy control is more obvious.Orchard integrated pest management should focus on the ecological control way using natural enemies to optimize the orchard biological community structure,improve the diversity and evenness,reduce community ecological dominance index,and enhance their ability to adjust control harm.Together with proper pesticide usage,it can gradually achieve the purpose of ecological control of orchard harmful biology.

Hemifusus tuba Gmelin populations took little food during their breeding period,and their weight declined.This was due to two main reasons:on the one hand,they mated and spawned,and did not want to take food;on the other hand,they consumed massive material and energy of the body during the period.But the weight of a few male populations did not change;some even increased.After the later breeding period,some H.tuba individuals died,and this was related with the overuse of the energy of body.So they would have been given enough food,and put back to the sea to increase their survival rate.The upgrowth of eggs in egg capsule took 45-60 days,and then the juvenile individuals appeared.As the skill of breeding juvenile individuals was not so mature,massive ones died in short time after they came out of the egg capsules due to the environmental changes.So we should learn from the lesson,and deal with the problem during the breeding quickly to keep the higher survival rate.Only in this way can we breed massive juvenile individuals in the future.

In order to acquire the knowledge of bird diversity in Fuyang City,we investigated 4 major wetlands during July-September 2011. There were 43 species of waterbirds belonging to 11 orders and 25 families.Passerine constituted the majority of wetlands birds,accounting for 44.1%.Oriental,Palaearctic and Cosmopolitan species made up 39.5%,34.8% and 25.6% of the total number of breeding birds respectively.Waterfowl accounted for 47.8% of wetland bird species.Dominant species in the wetlands were Hirundo rustica,Delichon dasypus,and Sturnus cineraceus.Among the 4 wetlands,Balihe Provincial Nature Reserve ranked the first in both bird species(N=30)and diversity index(H=2.49),and the similarity coefficient among these wetlands was high.Bird diversity index and species richness had a significant relation with the area of wetlands(the former r=0.985,P=0.015;the latter r=0.974,P=0.026).From the view of bird diversity protection,the construction and management of wetland reserve and park should follow the trend of wetland maintaining and vegetation complexity increasing.

Shenyang,as the largest metropolis and heavy industrial city in Northeastern China,will continue to consume more energy sources.Its energy structure mainly relies on fossil fuel and such a structure cannot be changed in the short term.This results in increasing CO₂ emission.Therefore,understanding the status and driving forces of CO₂ emission in Shenyang is critical for addressing related mitigation policies.In this study by adopting IPCC method and taking account of the not fully combustion of fuel,we are inventorying greenhouse gas emissions in Shenyang for the period of 2005-2009 and then analyze the driving forces for the historical evolution of CO₂ emission from energy intensity,energy structure and economic activities perspectives.The results indicate that the total scale of economic activities is the main driving force for the increase of carbon emissions,while energy consumption per unit GDP is decreasing due to scientific improvement and energy structure have limited impacts on total CO₂ emission.Results illustrate that the fossil fuel-based energy structure has been stable during this period,and the increasing economic scale offsets the improvement of energy intensity,resulting in increasing CO₂ emission.

The oil contents in surface sediment in the Pearl River Estuary(PRE)during the summer of 2006,2009,2010 and 2011 were determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry.The average oil contents in the four years were 127.2μg/g,318.0μg/g,134.1μg/g and 118.5μg/g,respectively.The oil contents in surface sediment of PRE in the first decade of the 21^st century were much higher than those in 80-90's of the 20^th century.According to the 1^st class of Marine Sediment Quality,the over-standard rates of oil contents in surface sediment were 0,25%,10% and 5%,respectively.The main factors influencing the oil contents in surface sediment of the Pearl River Estuary were land-based runoff,oil spill pollution and hydrodynamic conditions.

The study examined the spatial-temporal distribution of dissolved organic carbon(DOC)in the Daya Bay.The data were collected in four different seasons from December 2010 to November 2011.Seawater samples were collected for DOC determination from 9 sampling stations.DOC concentration was determined by high temperature catalytic oxidation method.The results showed that the surface DOC concentration ranged from 0.953-2.109 mg·L^-1,with average concentration 1.369 mg·L^-1 higher than that in the open ocean,and it had a typical offshore feature.The horizontal distribution of DOC showed that DOC concentration was high in offshore area(especially the area near Aotou)and low in the north&northwest area of Dalajia.The temporal distribution of DOC showed a trend of summer>autumn>spring>winter.The correlation between DOC and cell density of phytoplankton(or dry weight of zooplankton)was not significant,indicating DOC was not affected by biological activities.It may be related with human activities,hydrodynamics and other factors.

In recent years,marine pollution has been increasing at global level,and the petroleum pollution is particularly serious.The technology of microbial degradation has become one of effective ways to solve marine petroleum pollution.Mangrove ecosystem plays an important role in accumulating and degrading petroleum residues in the coastal areas.In order to construct the petroleum-degrading bacterial consortium,with alkanes or naphthalene as the sole carbon source,two alkane degrading strains(named Z1,Z3)and two aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading strains(named N1,N4)were isolated by the enrichment culture method(ECM)from the petroleum contaminated mangrove sediments.Using the orthogonal experiments of three factors and three levels,the optimized strain combination was obtained,and the optimum dosages of each strain were determined.The results showed that a combination of two alkane-degrading strains Z1,Z3 and one aromatic-degrading strain N1 got the highest degradation rate of 47.3%,with the initial petroleum-hydrocarbon concentration of 2.0 g·L^-1,the inoculation amount of 6%,the culture temperature of 30℃,and the aerobic culture time of 72 h.When N1,Z1 and Z3 dosing with the ratio of 3:1:3,the strain combination got the highest degradation rate of 51.2% after 72 h aerobic culture.

This paper uses Fang jianguang model to estimate the carrying capacity of Crassostrea gigas with various shell length in the Shen'ao Bay of Nanao County,Guangdong Province,based on the investigation of water temperature,chlorophyll-a,primary productivity and biomass of non-farmed filter feeders in the Shen'ao Bay,and the detection of filtration rate of C.gigas with various shell length by reference to the filtration rate of non-farmed filter feeders.The result showed that the largest carrying capacity for C.gigas appeared in January and February,and the smallest carrying capacity appeared in May,and the annual average carrying capacities for C.gigas with the shell length of 3.5-5.0,5.5-7.0,7.5-9.0 and 9.5-11.0 cm were 27,16,17 and 16 ind/m²,respectively.

A method for determination of four chlorobenzene compounds in water and wastewater by solid phase extraction with FID-GC detection was investigated.The extraction efficiency of four chlorobenzene compounds on Sdex C18 column,Sep-Park Vac Silica column,Bond Elut CARBON column,Bond Elut SI column and Bond Elut PLEXA column was compared,and the Sdex C18 column had the best recovery.The method for solid phase extraction was further systemically studied.Methanol of 4.0 mL is used as eluting solvent,and the adsorption eluent can not be concentrated by nitrogen blowing;the breakthrough volume of most compounds is above 1.0 L,but that of chlorobenzene is 300 mL.It shows that the Sdex C18 column has a strong adsorption of dichlorobenzene and trichlorobenzene.Under the optimized conditions,the linear rang was 20.0-400μg/L,and the detection limit was 0.383-0.635μg/L.It fully meets the requirements of daily environmental monitoring and analysis.

Fourteen plant communities with different structural characteristics in Beijing Botanical Garden were selected for the test of temperature and humidity by JL-17 temperature and humidity recorder.The correlations between temperature decreasing and humidity increasing effect of plant communities and their crown density,average crown width,LAI were studied.The results showed that different plant communities had various temperature-decreasing and humidity-increasing function.The plant communities consisting of Prunus persica Batsch.var.duplex,Fraxinus pennsylvanica,Liriodendron chinense×tulipifera,and Eucommia ulmoides had stronger capacity,while the plant communities consisting of Salix matsudana f.pendula,Catalpa bungei and Paulownia tomentosa were a little worse.Simultaneously the analysis showed that temperature-decreasing was very significantly and positively correlated with the crown density,and humidity-increasing was positively correlated with it,but not significantly.Meanwhile temperature-decreasing was also significantly and positively correlated with the average crown width,but humidity-increasing was less positively correlated with the average crown width.LAI had a significant impact on temperature-decreasing but less impact on humidity-increasing.In addition,other structural characteristics affecting temperature-decreasing and humidity-increasing effects of plant communities should be further studied.

Based on the water quality data collected from the Maowei Sea in 2008,the nutritional status is assessed by using eutrophication index,nutrition quality index,and organic pollution index.According to the pollution sources in 2007,the sources of nutrients are also analyzed.Results show that the Maowei Sea is seriously polluted by inorganic nitrogen,and the water quality is at eutrophic state.The organic pollution degree remains in the second level.The content of nutrient is relatively high in the north and the east of the Maowei Sea.The inputs of total nitrogen and total phosphorus through the Qin River and Maoling River are the main sources for nutrients,which account for 79% of the total nutrient discharge,followed by the mixed sewage outfall.Results also show a significant correlation between the load of nitrogen(or phosphorus)and the nutrient concentration in seawater,and the correlation coefficient is 0.873(or 0.824).

In the contradiction of long-standing multiple pressure of oil resource consumption,energy demand increasing and oil structure,it is of strategic significance to seek and develop biodiesel for energy safety and social and economic sustainable development. Botryococcus braunii is a green colonial microalga widespread in freshwater and brackish lakes,reservoirs,ponds,or even ephemeral lakes situated in continental,temperate,alpine,or tropical zones,and it has the ability to produce large amounts of hydrocarbons,lipids and other chemicals,which is regarded as a potential source of renewable fuel.This paper reviewed all of the research aspects of B. braunii in recent years,including its morphology and taxonomy,synthesis pathway of hydrocarbons,regulation factors of hydrocarbons synthesis,collecting cells and chemicals recovery,etc.B.braunii converts simple inorganic compounds and sunlight to potential hydrocarbon fuels and feedstocks for the chemical industry.The purpose of this review is expected to provide reference for further exploitation and utilization of this alga.

Coralline algae are the marine red calcified macroalgae with 623 species distributing in the world,including a record of 77 species in China.They serve key roles for maintaining the biodiversity and ecological functions in the marine ecosystem,especially in coral reef ecosystem.They possess high primary production,and their calcification can form complex three-dimensional structure which provides a good feeding and biological habitat for reef-associated organisms.The special surface they form can induce the settlement and metamorphosis of many benthic invertebrate larvae in the reef.And their calcification is an important composition of coral reef deposition.Coralline algae,however,contribute greatly to coral reef ecosystem in all aspects,while some mechanisms need to be further studied.This article focuses on some hot issues in the recent study of coralline algae,and reviews the current research state of the ecological function of coralline algae in coral reef ecosystems,in the hope of deepening our understanding in coralline algae and promoting further study on the ecological functions of coralline algae.

Heavy metal cadmium(Cd)contamination along the coastal waters has become one of the most severe global environmental hazards.Cd may elicit oxidative stress,which results in consequent toxic effects in the organisms.Marine microalgae are the first primary producers in the marine ecosystem;how these aquatic organisms response to the Cd stress is a matter of ecosystem stability. During the long evolutional process of marine microalgae,they have formed some strategies to resist to Cd stress,among which the anti-oxidative stress response in marine microalgae is the key one in relieving or eliminating Cd toxicity.In this paper,Cd contamination in offshore environment is introduced,and the oxidative stress activated by Cd in marine microalgae is summarized.In addition,the anti-oxidative adaptation to Cd stress is reviewed.Several typical anti-oxidative enzymes and non-enzyme substances involved in the adaptation to Cd stress are also presented.Finally,the perspective on this research field is put forward.

The Around Bohai Region is the third pole of economic jack-up in China.The Bohai Sea makes tremendous contribution to the costal region and the national economical development.However,with the population growth and the rapid development of industry and agriculture in recent years,the pollution in Bohai Sea becomes more and more serious.The long-term accumulation of pollutants results in a sharp deterioration in the environmental quality of the Bohai Sea.On the basis of the large number of literatures and the field investigation on the Bohai Sea pollution,this paper discussed the present pollution situation of the Bohai Sea,such as serious eutrophication,the pollution of heavy mental,petroleum pollution and the secondary pollution formed by sediments and so on.It was pointed out that the pollution of Bohai nearshore area was serious and the ecology development had been affected.The causes of pollution and hazards were analyzed,which included the immission of land pollutants,exploitation of oil and gas resources and inperfect management system.From the view point of sustainable development,the relevant countermeasures for Bohai environmental protection were put forward,which included administering the Bohai legally,establishing concise and efficient management mechanism,applying new technologies and new measures,reinforcing the forecast and so on.