9 strains Rhizobia were isolated from different Acacias crassicarpa growing different stands, and Acacia crassicrapa seedlings were inoculated with those Rhizobia. Six months later, the growth of seedlings and the N, P, K concentration of soil were tested. The results showed that the height growth and total biomass of inoculating with rhizobia were increased 0.89-40.18%,52.33-147.67% of control, all the seedlings were nodulated after inoculating with R1, R5, R7, R8 Rhizobia strains;the nodule biomass of inoculation were 1.636-5.20 times higher than that of the control. On the other hand, the N, P, K concentration of soil has greatly increased after inoculating with the rhizobium. In view of the height, and total biomass of plant, the N, P, K concentration of soil, etc., the strain R6 and R7 were the better.

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to summary independent studies under the same subject. Hypothesis is the dependence of analysis. There are two hypothesis models:fixed effect size model and random effect size model. In fixed-model, it is assumed that there is a real effect size in all studies, and it is sampling error that leads to the difference among studies. In random-model, it is assumed that there is a random variable in all studies, which and sampling error are sources of the difference among studies. These tow models were introduced and real sample analysis was done.

Pigment-protein complexes of Bryopsis corticulans were separated by PAGE and sucrose gradient centrifugation, and its characteristics were also investigated. Results showed that seven pigment-protein complexes were obtained by PAGE, which were CPIa1, CPIa2, CP I, LHCP₁, LHCP₂, CPa, LHCP₃₊₃, and two free pigment bands(FP)Fca、FC. Five zones were separated by improved discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. It indicated that zone Ⅰ was FP;zone Ⅱ was a light-harvesting complexes of PSⅡ with lower molecular weight as LHCP₃₊₃, zone Ⅲ was aggregated light-harvesting complexes of PS Ⅱ as LHCP₁. Both zone Ⅱ and Ⅲ contained large amount of Chlb and sinphonaxanthin except Chla, suggesting that they were characteristic of sinphonaxanthin-Chla/b-protein complexes;zone Ⅳ showed only one band in PAGE, and there was shoulder peak of Chlb in absorption spectra, containing 66 and 56 kDa peptides, so it was small PS I complexes of CP I a.

The feeding rhythm and intensity of Cobia(Rachycentron canadum) and the influences of food densities, temperatures and salinities on larvae and juvenile were investigated. The results showed that an obvious feeding circulation rhythm of 8 d larvae(fed on rotifers), 23 d juvenile(fed on atemia larvae) and 38 d juvenile(fed on non-living food) were observed. Feeding mainly proceeded in daytime, which accounted to more than 68% of the all-day total feeding intensity, and there was little or no feeding in the darkness of night. The feeding intensity during the period of 6:00-8:00 am and 16:00-18:00 pm was maximum. It seemed that the Cobia feeding rhythm was characterized by twilight feeding. The suitable food densities of 8 d larvae and 23 d juvenile were ranged at 15 ind·mL^-1-20 ind·mL^-1 and 7 ind·mL^-1-12 ind·mL^-1 respectively in the experiments of different food densities. The curves of the effects of temperatures and salinities on the feeding intensity of 18d juvenile cobia were displayed in the parabola type. The suitable temperature and salinity for juvenile were ranged 27℃-31℃ and 28‰-32‰ respectively. The relationship between feeding intensity and food density, temperature and salinity were well described by a binomial equation.

The factors which influence the absorption of copper by Candida lipolytica were investigated, including the characteristics of the strain and culture time, pH of water, copper concentration, the strain dosage and the adsorption time. The adsorption kinetics was also detected. The titration of biomass indicated that-OH and-PO₄^3-might exist on the surface of the biomass. The optimum culture time, pH and dosage were 96 h, 4.0-6.0 and 25.0g·L^-1(wet weight), respectively. After 2 hours of adsorption more than 86.5% copper was removed by Candida lipolytica when copper concentration was 20mg·L^-1 and the dosage of strain was 25.0g·L^-1(wet weight). When the copper concentrations were 5mg·L^-1 and 10mg·L^-1, the removal efficiency of copper reached up to 95%. The kinetics analysis of copper onto the Candida lipolytica revealed that the bioadsorption process of copper in determinated concentrations was in accordance with Freundlich isotherm. The analysis of IR spectrogram indicated that the apex of-OH shifted for 18 cm^-1 to long wavenumber, the other apices did not change a lot.

Anaerobic digestion is an attractive option for stabilization and conversion of the organic wastes to its end products methane and carbon dioxide, A large number of microorganisms investigated so far catalyze the anaerobic digestion processes. Numerous environmental factors directly or indirectly inhibit and affect the survival and growth of microorganisms, and temperature is one of particular significance. This paper presented an investigation of the effect of temperature on the methane potential during anaerobic digestion. 8 mL fresh thermophilic inoculum were placed in a glass vial of 108 mL with 0.5 mL substrate(acetate and propionate) and 31.5 mL nutrient solution. The vials were incubated at 9 different treatment temperatures ranging from 25 to 65℃. After a two-week adaptation, 0.5 mL substrate and 0.5 mL vitamin were refilled for all treatment vials and the methane formation in the headspace of vials was analyzed by a Shimadzu GC-8A equipped with a flame ionization detector(FID). Results indicated that at low treatment temperature of 25 and 30℃ no difference in the methane formation capacity was found between acetate and propionate, whereas the methane formation of acetate was always higher than that of propionate at other treatment temperature vials, except the treatment vials of 37 and 50℃. When acetate was used as the substrate, the highest methane production capacities were found at 40 and 55℃ with values of 0.39 and 0.37 mL CH₄ h^-1, respectively. However, when propionate served as the substrate, the highest methane production capacities of 0.32 and 0.38 mL CH₄ h^-1 were found at 37 and 50℃, respectively. The difference between the optimum temperature in the two tests is highly due to the fact that the inoculum used in this study is not pure microbial culture, even thought they have already pre-adapted to the specific treatment temperature and nutrient conditions. In conclusion, changes in temperature are strongly to have a substantial influence on the methane production capacities during the anaerobic digestion process.

Songtao Reservoir is a large tropical reservoir in Hainan province of China, it is divided into two domains:Fanjiayang and Nanfengyang. Phytoplankton were sampled for quantitative and qualitative analysis. A total of 65 algal species belonging to seven phyla were observed. The total phytoplankton abundance was 1.08×10⁶ cells·L^-1 in the Fanjiayang, and it was mainly composed of Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta. The phytoplankton abundance of Nanfengyang was 1.14.×10⁶ cells·L^-1, and it was mainly composed by Chlorophyta and Diatoms. The reservoir was mesotrophic, it was indicated by the following species:Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz, Merismopedia elegans, Dactylococcopsis acicularis, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Cyclotella menighiniana and Melosira spp. The abundance of Microcystis sp. in the lacustrine zone of Songtao reservoir was higher than that of reservoirs in sub-tropic and temperate regions. The phytoplankton in the riverine zone of Songtao Reservoir was dominated by Synedra spp.

The growth of mangrove species Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. were studied under the condition of man-controlled water in the coastal fishing-pounds in southern China. The results showed that:(1) The height of the mudflat with controlled water in the fishing-pounds greatly influenced the growth and survival of Sonneratia apetala and the growth and survival rate increased with the height of the mudflat;(2) The planting density influenced the growth of Sonneratia apetala severely, that is, under certain height of mudflat with controlled water, the bigger the density is, the worse Sonneratia apetala grew;(3) The planting time remarkably influenced the early growth of Sonneratia apetala, planting in colder season was unfavorable to the growth and survival of Sonneratia apetala;(4) Difference between inside and outside of the fishing-pound:under some conditions, the growing condition inside the fishing-pound was near to that of outside;(5) Spartina anglica somewhat inhibited the early growth of Sonneratia apetala in the fishing-pound. The results can serve as the theory and basis for the mangrove restoration in the large area coastal fishing pounds in southem China.

To know the causes that affect our rural ecological environment can prevent the condition there from worse, and make the way to restore and reconstruct the rural ecological environment. The investigation in our paper indicates that the education of rural women has a positive correlation with the restoration and reconstruction of the rural ecological environment and that these women's activities in agricultural production apparently contribute to the deterioration of the rural ecological environment. It also shows that the rural women's education and their agricultural production directly affect the restoration and reconstruction of rural ecological environment. Our suggestion is that the prerequisite to protect and construct the rural ecological environment is to develop our rural economics, and that science and technology should be put into effect through increasing the education investment in our country and enhancing the education on rural women, at the same time we also need to pay attention to guide and manage rural women's agricultural production during the restoration and reconstruction of the rural ecological environment.

The Quantitative assessment on economic loss of eco-environmental degradation is one of the most important parts of sustainable development studies. Recently, a number of scholars have made some worthwhile attempts at this field. Aiming at these discussions, the author pointed out the shortage of using one year as a study stage and defined restoring coefficient. Meanwhile discussed that how to assess the economic loss with function coefficient if there are many indexes but little quantitative data. On the other hand,1986-1996, ten years that the most serious destroyed was selected as a case study, the paper calculated direct and indirect economic loss of ecological system and increased cost so as to recover the ecological function of Western Grassland in the last ten years. The results show that the economic loss of grassland degradation achieves 21.228 billions Yuan RMB.

The seed germination and growth of five crops including Capsicum annuum, Lycoperiscum esculetum, Raphanus sativus, Brassica chinensis var. communis and Triticum aestivum were determined by water extract of Solidago canadensis. The main results were as follows:1) High concentration of water extract of Solidago canadensis could restrain the seed's germination and developing, while low concentration of the water extract could accelerate developing seed of Raphanus sativus, Brassica chinensis var. communis and Lycoperiscum esculetum;2) the restraining influences of the maceration extract from the organs above ground were stronger than those from the underground.

In order to understand the relation between primary production, energy flow and carbon recycle in grassland ecosystem, climatic factors and artificial disturbance, a grazing experiment with different grazing management treatments(different grazing intensities and nitrogen applications) was carried out in a snow pasture of the National Grassland Research Institute located in Nishinasuno, the central area of Japan from 1974 to 1994. As a part of these studies, the aim of present study was to assess the temporal changes in aboveground dead material(standing dead and litter) over a 21-year period since 1974. The result showed that the amount of aboveground dead material varied greatly seasonally and yearly, and also tended to have a high positive correlation with the aboveground biomass. The result of an analysis of variance(ANOVA) showed aboveground dead material was influenced strongly by grazing intensity, year, month(p<0.01), the temporal changes of aboveground dead material were independent of the nitrogen application levels.

Based on the analysis of Diaoluoshan and Jianfengling ground Meteorological station's records between July of 2001 to July of 2003, the characteristic of Meteorological Elements of these two forest regions was studied. The results showed that two regions had a common characteristic:abundant precipitation and great evaporation. There were distinct dry season and rainy season in these two regions, and their precipitation had a close relationship to typhoon and Monsoon. Because of the influence of the mountain's position and tendency, the difference of air temperature and precipitation of these two regions is relatively high. The yearly mean air temperature of Jianfengling was 0.4℃ higher than that of Diaoluoshan, and the highest and the lowest monthly air temperature of Jianfengling were 0.5℃ and 2.7℃ higher than that of Diaoluo, respectively. The yearly precipitation of Jianfengling was 500 mm less than that of Diaoluoshan. And there was less useful precipitation and longer dry season in Jianfengling. As a result of the difference of meteorological conditions, there were greater differences of forest vegetation contribution between two regions.

According to the preliminary investigation there are 1039 species of vascular plants belonging to 179 families and 565 genera in Nanshan Natural Reserve, 9 species of second-grade State protection and 7 species of other rare or endangered species, which are of important protected value and value in use. Forest resource of Nanshan Natural Reserve is very abundant, and vascular plant and rare plant are important part. Among all the plants there are wide variety of kinds and standing stock of wild vascular plants, and some of other plants may be exploited and sustainably utilized, that is to say they are of great economic value and nonassessable ecological value.

Observations of 15 indigenous broadleaved tree species in young plantation in Leizhou Peninsula showed significant growths in tree height(H), diameter at breast height(DBH) and the canopy width(CW). The species with fastest growth included Cleistocalyx operculatus, Winchia calophyua, Chukrasia tabularis and Bischofia javanica. According to the monthly growth processes of H, DBH and CW,15 species can be classified into 3 growth types:the first type consists of Cleistocalyx operculatus, Winchia calophyua, Bischofla javanica, and Cinnamomum burmanni;the second includes Aphanamixis polystachya, Chukrasia tabularis. Cinnamomum camphora, Castanopsis fissa, Michelia macdurei, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Mangifera persiciformis and Temninalia catappa;the third type is Antiaris toxicaria, Bombax malabaricum and Saraca dives. Different demands of the species for habitat should be taken into account in afforestation projects with mixed species. The H growth was significantly correlated with monthly mean temperature, precipitation and relative humidity, while the DBH and CW were not significant in the early stage of young plantation.

The functions of mangrove wetlands including biodiversity conservation, shoreline protection, water and atmosphere purification, coast beautification and so on are summarized. The distribution characteristics and the issues of the mangroves in Guangdong Province and in the coastal area of South China are discussed. The mangroves in the coastal area of South China are being destroyed seriously and are subject to danger. The mangrove wetland area in the coastal area of South China is only 1.5×10⁵hm², 70% smaller than that of the historical recode. And the one in Guangdong Province is now 9100 hm², 38% smaller than 1.47×10⁴hm², the record 10 years ago. Thus, some advice and countermeasures are given, i.e. to establish the network of mangrove nature reserves, to put in practice the ecological engineering approach to mangrove restoration, to improve studies on plant introduction of mangroves and cultivation techniques for mangrove seedling, to well estimate the huge eco-efficiency of mangrove wetlands.

The present analytical methods and determining techniques, pre-treatment processes of samples, and the rapid and easily determination of pesticides remaining in vegetables were reviewed. Solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and other new methods have replacing the traditional method such as liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatography techniques are of great importance in detection of pesticide residues. At present, capillary gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and the combined techniques are the major analytical methods though other new methods exist. The method of rapid determination of pesticides was also presented.

The photo-Fenton oxidation, which can treat high concentration and toxic organic wastewater effectively, was a kind of effective technique. This paper described the mechanism and effects of photo-Fenton oxidation. The plenty of ·OH(hydroxyl radicals) was produced in photo-Fenton oxidation. The·OH was reactive and nonselective. Its oxidizing potential was 2.8V, having strong oxidation ability, and most of organics were redox. Moreover, the further studies were presented. The virtues were easy manipulation and not contamination. The Fe³⁺ might react with OH, and Fe(OH)₃ product was harmless to environment. The defect was that reaction was carried under pH≤3. The big wastage of H₂O₂ resulted in processing high-cost and so on.

Summarized the studies of plant ecotype classification. The commonly used indexes are recommended:morphologic indexes including exterior morphologic indexes and interior morphologic indexes, physiological indexes including photosynthesis ratio and endogenetic hormones, reproduction period indexes, chemical components, resistance-adversity and polluted environment, heredity indexes including isozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD). Expectation of plant ecotype studies was put forward according to the research advances of our country in plant ecotype classification.

The urban lakes act as function of tourism, entertainment, drainage, climate modulation and environment improvement. The present paper describes the causes for the changes of urban lakes from oligotrophic to eutrophic status based on location and water quality degradation. Characteristics of eutrophication in urban lakes are discussed based on water quality index, contaminant concentration in. sediment and aquatic ecosystem. Compared with the other lakes, water in urban lakes is turbid, with lower transparency. Contents of nutrients and the other contaminants in water and sediment are usually higher. As aquatic ecosystem degrades rapidly, phytoplanktou become dominant producers, whereas macrophytes go to extinction. According to trofic state index, the pollution state of urban lakes in China is eutrophic or serious eutrophic.

Mangroves are woody plant communities which grow in the intertidal zones on tropical and subtropical coasts. Hainan Province is one of the largest areas of the mangrove plant species, distribution and preservation in China. The mangrove plants in Hainan Province have very important status and research value in China or even in the world. In this paper, several respects of mangroves research in Hainan Province are reviewed, such as mangrove species, the composition of the mangrove communities, the introduction and resume of mangrove plants, and the applications of molecular biotechnology in mangrove plants. And the applications of molecular biotechnology in mangrove plants are mainly summarized, including the application of the allozyme technique and random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD), and the research on salt tolerance of mangrove plants.