Competition between individuals is the foundation of the forest ecosystem research.Basically,there are two research methods,qualitative description and quantitative analysis.Over 20 various competition indices were developed to estimate competition degree.However,none of these indices could accommodate the problem of tree canopy changes in the quantitative analysis reasonably.This paper put forward a new conception of Growth Space Competition Index(GSCI) first time.GSCI is the ratio of canopy surface area to basal-area of trunk.The canopy surface area received most of the light and is an important index that determines the productivity efficiency.Thus,using canopy surface area as a competition parameter in population and community is the best way to accommodate the problem of canopy changes in the quantitative analysis.GSCI is an no-dimension measure unit on canopy cover degree.This paper also applied the GSCI in the intraspecies individual competition of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis forests,and compared with Competition Index(CI) and Growth Space Index(GSI).
A survey was carried at 22 sites in in Castanopsis kawakamii Nature Reserve based on the important values of species in tree layer.Four quantitative classification methods were used to classify the evergreen broadleaved forest community,including the tabular comparison of data,the tabular comparison of similarity coefficient,the nearest method and the group-average method of hierarchical agglomerative classification.Results showed that there were no differences in the classification among 4 methods.The evergreen broadleaved forest community in Castanopsis kawakamii Nature Reserve can be divided into 7 formations,i.e.Castanopsis kawakamii,Castanopsis carlesii,Castanopsis eyrei,Machilus pauhoi,Cinnamomum micranthum,Tsoongiodendron odorum and Tsoongiodendron odorum formations.The characteristics of each formation was described in the paper.Results suggested all formations of the evergreen broadleaved forest community were at their climax stages in Castanopsis kawakamii Nature Reserve.
Dusts captured by the leaves of 15 urban landscape plants were measured in this study using corresponding indices and assessment methods.Models were set up to evaluate the ecological effects of major landscape plants on the air purification.In addition,factors influencing the capacity of dust capture on the surface of the landscape plants were analyzed to provide some scientific information to improve the ecological environmental quality.Results indicated that there were obviously differences on dust removal in different sampling sites.Trees can capture the largest amount of dust,indicating that the trees were the principle plants that adsorbed dust.The ability of capture dust was closely related to leaf surface characteristics such as crease,coarseness,floss,grease and leaves' wetness.The amount of dust captured was depending on the total area of leaves,angle of branches and shapes of tree crown etc.
After the observation on the development of Enteromorpha prolifera(Müller) J.Ag.by microscope and the paraffin-section method,the microscopic characteristics of the develop process from spores to mature thalli have been expatiated.Spores of Enteromorpha prolifera(Müller) J.Ag.were developed from mature thallus cells,every mature thallus cell could release 10～30 spores.Every spore divided into 2-cell structure after the first division,and this structure had obvious polarity.The base-cell developed into rhizoid,and the top-cell formed protonema by horizontal-division continually.Pipelike thallus was formed by vertical-division of the middle protonema cells,and top-cell kept horizontal-division.Vertical-division included tangential-division and radial-division,tangential-division made the pipelike thallus more thick,and radial-division made the branch formed.The internal cavum of pipelike thallus contained villiform protuberances and meshwork structures which were composed of glycoprotein.When the number of cells in cross section of pipelike thallus reached 30～50,the villiform protuberances disappeared and the meshwork structures became tight,then the mural cells of pipelike thallus adhered and the foliolose thallus formed.The total developmental process of Enteromorpha prolifera(Müller) J.Ag.kept polarity.
The medicinal bryophytes resources had been preliminarily studied in Daqi Mountains in Huanggang county,Hubei province,China.The investigate results revealed that seventy species were existed in Daqi Mountains which accounted for 29.3% of the national medicinal bryophytes.Those medicinal bryophytes belonged to 13 families 15 genera.The paper listed the distribution and medicinal function of those bryophytes,and take a proposal on protection and exploitability of wild bryophytes resources at last.
Based on the statistical data and other data from scientific article,together wth relative data provided by forest resource inventory,hydraulic,meteoologic departments,the paper estimates the various forest benefit values of Guangdong Province,including visible and invisible Products.Transferring the "products" to currency value using equivalent replacement of beneficial proucts for currency and standdard dimension,the total value is 2.3681×1010yuan.
Astract With the aid of ARC/Info and MRT,using the MODIS-NDVI data,we calculated the NDVI of Guangdong Province,Pearl River Delta and Guangzhou from 2000 to 2005.The result showed that the NDVI of region had special Spatio-temporal Patterns,the NDVI of the Guangdong Province were varied from 0.4 to 0.7,the seasonal variations of the NDVI in Guangdong were very remarkable,the NDVI of summers are higher than it of winter,and varied in years remarkably,because the seasonal swings in temperature and precipitation in Guangdong had a large impact.The zonal variations of mean NDVI Guangdong were very obvious,this indicated the feature of broken vegetation in Guangdong.
Urbanization has changed the landscape structure of urban area.By studying the vegetation fraction and its pattern of urban vegetation,the changing process and the intensity of urban landscape could be emerged once again.Meanwhile,it indirectly makes know the eco-environmental state in city.From 1990 to 2005,vegetation system in Guangzhou was experienced a period of destroying and the next period of restoration.This procedure was studying by translating TM remote sensing image.Based on it,regional vegetation fraction and its grade structure were showed with the translated images.The research was also indicated that regional vegetation fraction was decreased seriously in whole study area-full Guangzhou,and until now the tendency to decrease vegetation fraction in city centre of Guangzhou is continuing,but being slowly.In suburb district-Conghua,vegetation system is becoming better and better.Its vegetation fraction is approaching the highest level in the past 15 years,and vegetation grade structure is more perfect.In vegetation system,high grade vegetation fraction is increasing.Vegetation system in Conghua is so important to impact the tendency of vegetation system in full Guangzhou.
Cadmium absorption and concentration in pumpkin were studied in a pot experiment.The treatments were different concentrations of cadmium,CaCO3 and plant charcoal,measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Results showed that cadmium were mainly concentrated in stem and root of pumpkin.When the concentration of cadmium in soil was <50 mg·kg-1 it promoted the root growth,but when the concerntation of cadmium was >50 mg·kg-1 it significantly inhibited the root growth.The higher the cadmium concentration in soil,the more the root growth were inhibited.CaCO3 decreased,but plant charcoal soil increased the accumulation of cadmium in pumpkin.
The complete mitochondrial cytochrome b genes were sequenced from two individuals of Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana) and one individual of stump-tailed macaque(Macaca arctoides).Through comparison with three other macaque species, the base composition and sequence divergence among these sequences were analyzed.The phylogenetic tree was constructed with Papio hamadryas as the outgroup.The contents of A、T、G、C were 29.0%、25.5%、11.8%、33.6% and 29.4%、24.3%、11.4%、34.9% in the cyt b gene sequences of the Tibetan macaque and stump-tailed macaque,respectively.The base composition of the Tibetan macaque and stump-tailed macaque showed the same character as that of other mammals.There was 90.1% homology with 113 variant sites between the two sequences.Results showed apparent divergence between Tibetan macaque and stump-tailed macaque.The phylogenetic tree supported the topology that Macaca sylvanu diverged firstly from other macaque species,and Macaca arctoides gathered together with M.mulatta and M.fascicularis rather than with M.thibetana.
Complete sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of Siniperca chuatsi,S.kneri,S.scherzeri,S.undulata,S.obscura,Coreosiniperca roulei,Coreoperca whiteheadii were sequenced.Combined with available homologous sequences of C.whiteheadi,C.kawamebari and C.herzi and outgroup taxa from GenBank,23 mitochondrial sequences of 17 individuals from 9 species of sinipercine fishes and 6 non-sinipercine species were analyzed to infer phylogenetic relationships among sinipercine fishes.Sequence analysis showed that the genetic distances among Siniperca species,which were from 0.015 to 0.093,were obviously smaller than those of Coreoperca species,which ranged from 0.152 to 0.178.Kimura 2-parameter model based Neighbor-Joining trees showed that sinipercine fishes consisted of a group which were further divided into two clades.Of which one clade included C.roulei and Siniperca,and another were consisted of Coreoperca,supporting the taxonomic treatment that sinipercine fishes could be divided into Siniperca and Coreoperca.Resultant phylogenetic results confirmed the very close relationship between S.chuatsi and S.kneri,showed relatively close relationship between S.scherzeri and S.undulata,and suggested that C.roulei was relatively distantly related to other Siniperca species.The relationships among the three subgroup S.chuatsi-S.kneri,S.scherzeri-S.undulata and S.obscura were not fully resolved yet in this study.In the genus Coreoperca,C.whiteheadii was distantly related to C.kawamebari,and phylogentic position of C.herzi was uncertain.Monophyly and phylogenetic positions of sinipercine fishes remained to be further studied.
Oxyeleotris lineolatus、O.marmoratus and Odontobutis haifengensis are highly priced freshwater fishes,yet interspecific relationships haven't been reported yet.In present study,partial mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene of these 3 species were sequenced.Combined with 5 homologous 12S rRNA gene from the GeneBank,eight sequences were analyzed.The pairwise genetic distances were computed by Kimura 2-parameter model,and neighbor-joining based phylogenetic tree showed that Australia-originated O.lineolatus was a sister species to Tailand-endemic O.marmoratus.But Odontobutis haifengensis was distantly related to all other species,which is supporting the separation of Odontobutis from Eleotridae in traditional taxonomic treatment.Results showed that interspecific sequence divergence between O.lineolatus and O.marmoratus were obvious and no intraspecific 12s rRNA difference were observed,suggesting that mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene might be used as a useful molecular marker to identify different species in Eleotridae.
Effect of rich organic matter on Paraprionospio pinnata was analyzed according to the data of Macrobenthos and organic matter got on Futian tidal flat in Shenzhen Bay.The data from three sections A,D and E was got from January 1999 to October 2002.The results showed that there was markedly seasonal variation for P.pinnata on Futian tidal flat in Shenzhen Bay.The seasonal pattern was that the density and biomass of P.pinnata was high in March and April and low in September and October.The density of P.pinnata decreased along with the increase of organic matter content.The density and biomass of P.pinnata at three sections are A>D>E.The distribution of organic matter content is also A<D<E.There is negative correlation between density of P.pinnata and organic matter content.The higher organic matter is,the lower density and biomass of P.pinnata are.
In order to amplify the Hsp70 gene of Marsupenaeus japonicus and study the features of the sequence,we designed a pair of primers according to the Hsp70 cDNA sequence of Fenneropenaeus chinensis(GeneBank accession No.AY748350) and the partial sequence of Marsupenaeus japonicus(GeneBank accession No.DQ663761),then used the RT-PCR program to amplify the complete Hsp70 gene.Total RNA was isolated using Trizol Reagent according to the manufactures instructions.The first strand cDNA was synthesized using reverse transcriptase Superscript.The polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was performed by the two-step method and the product was cloned to pMD-18 vector and sequenced.The sequence of cDNA,which was 1992bp in size,analyzed with software DNAstar,has a 1959bp open reading frame(ORF),encoding 652 amino acids with an ATPase domain of 386 amino acids,the substrate peptide binding domain of 60 amino acids and a C-terminus domain of 112 amino acids.The ORF of the Hsp70 gene sequence of Marsupenaeus japonicus has 94.5%,94.2% and 94.2% identity with the Hsp70 cDNA sequence of Litopenaeus vannamei,Penaeus monodon,and Fenneropenaeus chinensis,respectively.Under the alignment of Hsp70 amino acids deduced from DNA sequences,there is 99.5%,99.4% and 99.4% identity with Litopenaeus vannamei,Penaeus monodon,and Fenneropenaeus chinensis,respectively.A complete coding sequence(CDS) of Hsp70 gene was successfully amplified from M.japonicus.
The nutrients,chlorophyll a and phytoplankton in the Henggang Reservoir were monitored in May and November,2005.In May,the mean concentration of TN,TP and Chlorophyll a were 3.810 mg·L-1,0.172 mg·L-1 and 17.888 mg·m-3,respectively.Comprehensive Trophic State Index(TSIM),was 73.3,indicating that the Reservoir was hypertrophic.In November,the mean concentration of TN and TP were 1.302 mg·L-1 and 0.096 mg·L-1,respectively.The TSIM decreased to 55.6,indicating that the Reservoir was lightly eutrophic.However,the mean Chlorophyll a increased to 26.935 mg·m-3.The increase of chlorophyll a concentration was positively related to NH3-N and PO4-P,and changes in phytoplankton community composition.The phytoplankton community was dominated by Cyanophyta in May,but by Chlorophyta in November.In May,the mean cell abundance of phytoplankton was 2.75×108 cells·L-1.The dominant species were Merismopedia elegans and M.glauca,which composed about 90% of the total phytoplankton.In November,the mean cell abundance of phytoplankton was 1.27×107 cells·L-1.The dominance of Merismopedia reduced to 14.89% of total phytoplankton cells.Scenedesmus became one of dominant species,which composed 11.52% of total phytoplankton cells.
Two million aluminous alloy hubs were produced every year by an automotive hardware corporation.As a result,873 m3 wastewater was produced every day in this process,in which 80 m3 is acidic and,524m3 is alkalic;,181m3 contains zinc and copper;48 m3.contains chromium;and 40m3 contains nickel.During 30 days monitoring,pH,COD of wastewater,and the contents of nickel,zinc,chromium,copper and fluorid were range from 5.2 to 8.4,80.9 to 161.9 mg·L-1,5.34 to 18.72 mg·L-1,50.11 to 97.63 mg·L-1,2.66 to 16.21 mg·L-1,1.50 to 11.36 mg·L-1,5.0 to 17.4mg·L-1,respectively.The wastewater treatment plant could treat 1052 m3 wastewater per day,and each operated period lasted 20 hours.After 30 days operation,result showed that the system was relatively stable.The water quality of effluent could achieve the second discharge criteria of the provincial standard DB44/26-2001.
The park greenery plot soil in Xuzhou the third ring's city zone is studied in this paper.Sampling and analysis for soil nutrient status and chemical property,the content of organic matter is(1.05±0.41)%,the content of all quantity of nutrient is(0.071±0.045)%,the content of total phosphorus is(0.053±0.051)%,the content of total potassium is(1.860±1.449)%,equilibrium;the trend of PH will rise;organic matter,total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,PH value and quick result Potassium have certain correlation,but the correlation among other index is poor.
Capacity measuration is the prevailing method of soil organic matter determination.According to the condition of laboratory and the practices of more than 15 years,we improved the condition for calefaction and oxidation of capacity measuration GB1999,and we explored two better methods of soil organic matter determination: oven torrefaction heating method and digestor heating method.It is verified that the results of the two methods are accurate and reliable.The relative errors are less than 1.41%,and the relative standard errors are less than 2.73%.Further more,two methods are quick and easy to operate,and are better than the traditional methods of soil organic matter determination.
Coast is an interaction zone of ocean and land in modern times.It is a complicated ecosystem.At present,with the further study in coastal function and status,the study of coastal ecology has became a hot research topic.In this paper,coastal ecology is put forward,which is on the base of analyzing investigative fruit in coastal ecosystem already.The research subject,content and methods of coastal ecology are discussed.Moreover LOICZ research item and the research fruits of coastal biosphere system,environment system and coastal exploitation and application and so on are detailed summarized.The author indicated that the coastal ecology is a embranchment researching coastal ecosystem,s ecology process and evolvement and the interrelation of coastal biology and environment.As a new subject,coastal ecology has relatively strong developmental potential and applied foreground.
The excreta from animals resulted in huge environmental pollution,in which wastes from piggeries are the largest contaminated sources.With the development of aerobic composting techniques,wastes from piggeries could be substantially reduced,detoxified and reused.This paper mainly reviews some factors that affect the aerobic composting process for the wastes from piggeries,such as temperature,bulking agents,moisture content,aeration ways,microbial inoculations etc.
Mangrove wetlands,a typical ecosystems in tropical and subtropical coastal areas,play a very important role in ecological services.Because of special ecological functions and high economic and social values of mangrove,its study is becoming a hot topic recently.In order to promote the protection and utilization of mangrove ecosystem,this paper reviewed some ecological functions of mangrove ecosystems which can provide large quantity of organic matters,epeirogenic processes and shelterbelts,and protect dikes and seashores,reduce disasters,decrease water pollution,sustain high biodiversity in wetlands,provide medicine resources and ecotourism etc.This paper also pointed out that further studies should be conducted on the ecological processes,effects and value assessment of mangrove wetlands in the future.
Hydrodynamic cavitation is a promising wastewater treatment.In this paper,the principle of hydrodynamic cavitation was introduced briefly.The effects of various operation and geometric parameters on the cavitation,such as inlet pressure,geometry of constriction,physico-chemical properties of liquid,and so on,have been discussed.Furthermore,there was some analysis about several hydrodynamic cavitation reactors.The hydrodynamic cavitation reactors have some virtues: simple design,convenient control and easy transfer from the laboratory scale into commercial scale.Moreover,comprehensive reviews on the applications and research advances in wastewater treatment have been given.The investigation demonstrated that hydrodynamic cavitation was a long term potential water treatment technique.Finally,several problems encountered during the period of the technique maturity and the developmental trends are expounded.
