Sediments from ponds with and without algal blooms were sampled for a comparison study,and the vertical distribution of NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N and PO₄^3--P within the interstitial water were analyzed,as well as the microbial activity(FDA) and alkaline phosphatase (APA) in surface sediments.The results showed the concentration of NH₄⁺-N increased from superficial waters to interstitial waters in both types of sediments,indicating a risk of NH₄⁺-N releasing from interstitial waters.However,the concentrations of NO₃^--N and PO₄^3--P decreased.The decreasing trend was observed for organic matter content(reflected by Loss-on-Ignition,LOI),FDA activity,and APA in the top 10 cm sediments.Correlation analyses showed that the concentration of NH₄⁺-N in interstitial waters was positively correlated with the activities of FDA and APA in surface sediments(0-10cm),suggesting that the effect of microbe on N decomposition and mineralization was mainly influenced by the activities of APA and FDA in an anaerobic environment.

Ten species of Diaphanosoma in China were redescribed,and these species are Diaphanosoma brachyurum Liévin,1848;D.chankensis Ueno,1939;D.orghidani Negrea,1982;D.dubium Manujlova,1964;D.dumonti Korovchinsky,1996;D.excisum Sars,1885;D.mongolianum Ueno,1938;D.sarsi Richard,1894;D.macrophtalma Korovchinsky & Mirabdullaev,1995;and D.tropicum Korovchinsky,1998.The keys of these species were established,and the morphology and geographical distribution of the four common species in China(D.brachyurum Lievin,1848;D.orghidani Negrea,1982;D.dubium Manujlova,1964;and D.excisum Sars,1885) were described in details.The Diaphanosoma classification recorded in Chinese literatures was compared with the latest international literatures for correction.

The acute toxicity and chronic toxicity of four successive generations of moin macrocopa that exposured in dibutyl phthalate concentrations was studied in laboratory condition.The results showed that the toxic effects of DBP exposure on growth and multiply of miona macrocopa were observed.The LC₅₀ of DBP to moina macrocop is 8.44mg·L^-1.The effect of toxicity to moina macrocopa which were exposured in DBP was persistent.It was the notable and the tolerance of exposure in DBP was declined in the generation F1 and F2.The susceptibility was declined in the generation F3.The results can be helpful to understand the long-term toxicity and the law in environmental hormone substances on the growth and reproduction of Cladocera.

Seedlings of Atraphaxis virgata and Caragana acanthophylla were grown in pots with varied soil water and salt(NaCl) levels (alone and in combination) to determine their effects on physiological characteristics of the seedlings.The results showed that under drought and salt stresses,the contents of osmo-regulation substances increased significantly,which played an active role on resistance. Because of cell membrane lipid peroxidation,the MDA content in leaves of C.acanthophylla rapidly increased with increased salt concentration,as in the case for A.virgata under drought stress.With increased stress,the leaf chlorophyll content of the two shrubs decreased gradually.Caragana acanthophylla grew better under intercrossing of drought and salt stress.

Davidia involucrate is a rare,endangered plant endemic to China,and is of important scientific significance in studying plant phylogeny and geological history.We explored the influence of soil nitrogen concentration and solar radiation on the growth of one-year-old seedlings of this species by measuring the photosynthesis parameters and growth parameters under different nitrogenxsolar radiation treatments.The results show that 1)high nitrogen concentration slowed down the decrease rate of net photosynthesis under unsuitable conditions;2)suitable amount of direct solar radiation may favor the growth of these ombrophyte seedlings;3)additive nitrogen can compensate the decrease caused by shading,but can hardly offset the decrease of net photosynthesis rate.

Based on field data,we analyzed the community structure of Davidia involucrata var.vilmoriniana(Davidiaceae) in Changyang County,Hubei Province.The results showed 238 species of vascular plants in 170 genera and 81 families were present in an area of 2900m²,including seven endangered species such as Dipteronia sinensis,Tetracentron sinense,Pterostyrax hispidus,Euptelea pleiospermum,Cercidiphyllum japonicum,Aesculus wilsonii and Panax pseudoginseng var.japonicus.The floral plantage of the population was abundant,ancient,and highly endemic.The life form of the community was dominated by phanerophyte(47.06%),leave size by mesophyll(68.07%),leaf type by single leaf(78.99%),and leaf texture by herbaceous(67.12%).The vertical structure was complex with layers mainly consisting of trees,shrubs,herbs,and interlayer plants.Analysis of age and height structures revealed a poor regeneration and shrinkage of the population.

Litterfall plays an important role in nutrient cycling and energy flow of forest ecosystems.Litterfall production,composition,seasonal dynamics,and the quantity of nutrient elements(N,P,K,Fe,Ca,Mg) of Populus tremuloides were studied in this paper.The results showed that the annual litterfall production of mature poplar(MP) was 4.45 t·hm^-2·a^-1,1.42 times of that for middle-age poplar (MAP).Fallen leaves dominate litterfall composition,accounting for 70.1% and 81.5% for MP and MAP,respectively.The dynamics of litterfall showed a significant seasonal variation,with the first peak occurring between February and March and the second in October or November.Annual fluxes of the 6 nutrient elements in MP was 68.4 Kg·hm^-2a^-1,which was as 1.4 times of that in MAP,and nutrient elements return decrease in the order of N>Ca>K>Mg>Fe>P.The utilization efficiency of N,P,Fe,and Mg in MP was higher than that in MAP,but lower in MP than in MAP for K and Ca,which could be attributed to the difference in growth mechanism.

Based on the research,the rare and endangered plants and the community characteristics of Tutcheria spectabilis,Artocarpus hypargyreus and Cinnamomum camphora are analyzed,its protection countermeasures are discussed.The results indicated that:(1) There are 36 species of rare and endangered plants form 20 genera belonging to 9 families,Among them,ferns contains 2 family 2 genus and 2 species,gymnosperms contains 1 familyl genus and 1 species,angiosperms contains 6 families 27 genera and 33 species.(2) In the 3 communities,SW index is between 4.19 and 4.98,E' index is between 0.76 and 0.86;(3) The frequencies index of Artocarpus hypargyreus and Cinnamomum camphora community are A>B>C>D<E,while Tutcheria spectabilis community is A>B>C>D>E,which is different from the frequency law of Raun Kiaer;(4)The Age-ratio showed that the 3 communities are in a relatively stable state in general.

BP artificial neural network technology has been increasingly used widely in the field of environmental assessment.In this paper,the method had been used to evaluate the ecological function of seabuckthom.A level model based on BP-artificial neural network was set up,which contained 4 input layer nodes,6 cryptic layer nodes and 1 output layer node with index of ecological functions as a sample input and comprehensive assessment level as the network output.The output value was 0.44,greater than grand II standard after actual data of target year(2008) as input.The results showed the seabuckthom significantly improve the ecological environment after seabuckthoms have been planted for ten years.The results was consistent with those obtained from the more mature AHP-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method,indicating the BP artificial neural network model for evaluating the ecological functions of seabuckthom was feasible and evaluation result was objective.

In order to understand the population characteristics of cladoceran resting eggs in deep reservoirs in southern China,we investigated their species composition,density,and distribution in surface sediments(0-15cm) collected from Liuxihe Reservoir in Feburary 2009.Sediment cores were taken at eight sites,and the top 15 cm sediments were sampled and washed through 600,200 and 35μm meshes,respectively.These sediment core-tops were accumulated in 18 to 24 years according to annual lamination.Among the 12 types of resting egg identified,the highest species richness(10) was observed at the confluence of two influent rivers,in contrast to other sampling sites (mostly 4 or 5).Average density was 1.34×10⁵ ind·m^-3.The distribution pattern in diversity and density seems to relate to habitat diversity,with higher diversity but lower density at the transition zone than at the lacustrine zone.The three dominant species are Moina micrura,Daphnia sp.,and Scapholeberis sp.,all having a weak ability against fish predation.As Liuxihe Reservoir is located at the north bounadry of the tropic,high water temperatures enable cladocera to maintain an active popualtion solely through parthenogenesis,resulting in significantly lower species number and density than in temperate lakes.

A microcosm experiment was conducted to study the impacts of different cultivation density of Cristaria plicata and Anodonta woodiana on nutrients and phytoplankton in a eutrophic reservoir(Dashahe Reservoir,South China),from May 31 to June 20,2009.The experiment was aimed to investigate the possibility of applying bivalve in controlling algal biomass in warm water bodies.The results showed that the concentration of total nitrogen,total phosphorus and chlorophyll increased and ammonia decreased in the two bivalve species treatments.Evident changes in phytoplankton were observed not only in biomass but also in community structure in terms of species composition.The percentage of Chlorophyte increased rapidly throughout the experiment.No significant difference existed between the two bivalve species groups,except that the time response differed under different effect intensity.The results suggest that C. plicata and A.woodiana may not be used as efficient manipulated organism to control eutrophication and improve water quality in reservoirs of South China.

The result of a contrast test of ecological restoration between different Chinese sturgeon polyculture models with freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,Aristichthys nobilis indicated concentration of NH₄⁺-N was maintained at about 0.50 mg·L^-1 and near absence of A.woodiana's influence.Total phosphorus removal efficiency of A.woodiana was quite high,but A.woodiana had no effect on total nitrogen.The total nitrogen removal rate of pond 3(polycultured with H.molitrix and A.nobilis) was greater than that of pond 2. A correlation analysis of TSS,NH₄⁺-N,TN,TP concentration of Acipenser sinensis culture ponds under different treatments indicated total suspended solids also played an important role in the nitrogen removal,While phosphorus removel was not obviously associated with total suspended solids.Polyculture with H.molitrix and A.nobilis excels the treatment hanging A.woodiana in ecological restoration effects in the Acipenser sinensis culture ponds with muddy water and high concentration of total suspended solids.

In order to investigate the role of HSP70 of oyster(Crassostrea hongkongensis) against bacterial infection,we established a real-time,quantitative fluorescent RT-PCR method to examine the expression patterns of HSP70 mRNA in mantle,digestive gland,gills,muscle,heart and haemocytes of the oyster responding to Vibiro alginolyticus challenge.The results showed that after the oysters were injected with live V.alginolyticus,HSP70 mRNA expression in gills,mantle and haemocytes was up-regulated at first,peaked at 3 hr,6 hr and 24 hr,respectively,then gradually decreased to the control level at 12 hr,24 hr sand 72 hr,respectively.The phenomenon was defined as time-dependent expression pattern of HSP70 gene.Meanwhile,the HSP70 mRNA levels in heart and digestive gland significantly increased and reached the highest values at 3 hr and 6 hr,respectively,and then dropped rapidly.But in muscle,the HSP70 mRNA expression did not increased upon the bacterial challenge during the entire experiment period.The up-regulated mRNA expression of HSP70 induced by bacterial challenge suggested an important role for HSP70 gene in immune response in oysters.

Studies on superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GPX),glutathione reductase(GR),reduced glutathione(GSH),oxidized glutathione(GSSG) and malonaldehyde(MDA) were searched from the Chinese Journal Full-text Database (1994.1～2009.8),WanFang Database(1980.1～2009.8),WeiPu Database(1989.1～2009.8),as well as Scopus(1960.1～2009.8),Elsevier (～2009.8),SpringerLink(～2009.8) and Blackwell(～2009.8) Database.Data from a total of 23 studies indexed with antioxidant and poecilothermia were systematically collected.Those extracted by two reviewers independently were subject to a meta-analysis,and a systematic review on antioxidant defenses in fish was finally conducted with Stata 8.0 software.GSSG was excluded due to the low number of study cases.The meta-analysis showed that SOD[SMD(standardized mean difference)=1.0,95% CI=0.4～1.7,P=0.001]and GPX (SMD=0.4,95% CI=0.1～0.7,P=0.005) activities increased significantly with increasing temperature,while GPX(SMD=-0.9,95% CI=-1.7～-0.1,P=0.025) and GR(SMD=-1.6,95% CI=-2.5～-0.8,P<0.001) were significantly reduced when temperature dropped.Either an increase or decrease in temperature had no obvious difference in CAT activities and GSH levels(P>0.05),but caused a marked increase in MDA levels(SMD=1.2～1.4,P<0.006).Across all study cases,the heterogeneity of the results was unrelated to fish species,tissues,and assay methods.However,a meta-regression analysis indicated that the magnitude of experimental temperature variation accounted for the heterogeneity among studies related to the SOD,CAT activities and MDA levels.Moreover,initial temperatures in trials were another factor responsible for the heterogeneity of the GSH results.

Bacteria from cypress(Taxodium ascendens) woods in Dalianhu Lake were isolated using the dilution plate method,and identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis.The results showed an annual variation in species composition,and the richness is highest in summer.Sixty bacterial strains from 15 genera were isolated in all seasons.They were Bacillus,Pseudomonas,Flavobacterium,Rhodococcus,Kitasatosporia,Chryseobacterium,Acinetobacter,Sphingobacterium,Comamonas,Burkholderia,Streptomyces,Serratia,Enterobacter,Stenotrophomonas,and Arthrobacte.

Using a common filamentous fungi(Alternaria sp.) and ectomycorrhizal fungi(Xerocomus Pulverulentus and Clitocybe maxima) from original Pinus koraiensis forest,we investigated the ability of different combination of strains to decompose fresh Pinus koraiensis litterfall by measuring mass loss rate,enzymes activity,and N and P contents during fermentation process.The results showed that the total mass loss rate of AX(Alternaria sp.and X.Pulverulentus) reached the highest values(up to 18.33%) after 60 days,while mat of AC(Alternaria sp.and C.maxima) was 13.27% because of antagonism.After 20 days the highest laccase activity of X. Pulverulentus,C.maxima and AX was 0.093 U·mL^-1,0.063 U·mL^-1 and 0.047 U·mL^-1,respectively.During the same period,the highest cellulase activity of Alternaria sp.,AC and AX was 0.59 U·mL^-1,0.57 U·mL^-1 and 0.53 U·mL^-1,while cellulase activity of AX reached 0.48 U·mL^-1 after 50 days.During the fermentation process,N content of AX decreased significantly by 12.21%,and P content by 25.82%.This study further revealed the mechanism of different functional fungi groups to degrade forest litterfall and the interaction among fungal communities.

Several aerobic denitrifiers were isolated for the first time from sediments of the Pearl River Estuary,and strain A14-1 with the highest nitrogen removal rate was selected.The strain was identified as Rhodococcus aetherivorar according to physiological and biochemical characteristics and sequence analysis of 16S rDNA.It has a denitrification efficiency up to 26.20 mg·L^-1·h^-1,being able to reduce the nitrate concentration of medium from 157.91 mg·L^-1 to 32.07 mg·L^-1 in 48 h.The aerobic denitrification process showed no accumulation of nitrite,indicating the presence of nitrite reductase,which was verified by the nitrite reductase functional gene nirS through amplification.Strain A14-1 was expected to be used in wastewater nitrogen removal,considering its good adaptability and harmlessness to the environment.

A wetland plant screening was constructed at Yanqing County,Beijing to simulate the effectiveness of 7 natural wetland plants and their combinations in purifying eutrophic water and removing TP,TN and COD.The results showed that the purification effectiveness of wetland plants and any of their combinations were not significantly different(P>0.05) for COD,TN and TP;no significant difference(P>0.05) exists on COD purification between summer and autumn,except for Typha orientalis(P<0.05).These 7 wetland plants and 7 combinations showed 1) higher effectiveness on TN removal in summer than in autumn;2) no significant difference on TN purification between summer and autumn(P>0.05),except for Phragmites australis+Menyanthes trifoliate,Typha orientalis+Salix viminalis(P<0.05);3) no significant difference on TP purification by any individual wetland plant between summer and autumn (P>0.05);4) no significant difference on TP purification between summer and autumn,except for Typha orientalis+Zizania aquatic,Phragmites australis+Menyanthes trifoliata(P<0.05);5) but a significant difference on TN purification among 7 different wetland plants combinations(P<0.1).

Emergy theory and analysis method were employed to compare the effects of pre-and post-reclamation of coal mining subsidence on emergy inputs and outputs of agricultural-ecosystem.The results showed that after reclamation,the total emergy input and output were 2.7 times and 3.1 times of those before reclamation,respectively.Reclamation significantly increased the rate of emergy input(defined as[renewable organic energy+unrenewable source production]/[renewable environmental resource+nonrenewable environmental resource]),which was 7.4 times of that before reclamation,indicating reclamation promoted local economic development of agricultural ecosystem.Emergy consumption per capita increased by 2.7 folds,suggesting improved living levels of local residents. Diversification of the developing agricultural structure decreased the yield ratio of net emergy after reclamation.Accordingly,an increase was observed for environmental loading ratio from 0.5 to 3.7,and for system stability indices from O.lto 0.36,suggesting reclamation of coal mining subsidence may improve the cyclic utilization efficiency and sustainability of agricultural ecosystem.

Sediment cores were collected in different areas with different ecological states in Lake Taihu to observe vertical variation in physicochemical characteristics of sediments and porewater inorganic nitrogen.The three areas were Xukou Bay dominated by macrophytes,Central Lake with strong wave and less algal bloom,Meiliang Bay with severe algal bloom.The results showed that water content,organic matter,and TN decreased with increasing sediment depth in the three sampling sites,with the highest values observed in Meiliang Bay while the lowest values in Central Lake.Meanwhile,dissolved oxygen within sediments decreased with increasing sediment depth,and the highest concentration was found in Xukou Bay and the lowest in Meiliang Bay.Porewater ammonium concentration increased dramatically downward in the sediments,in contrast to nitrate and nitrite concentrations.A comparison of inorganic nitrogen concentration from within top 5-cm sedimentary porewater and the overlying water suggested that release risk of nitrate and nitrite was low in all three areas;both Xukou Bay and Meiliang Bay had a relatively high risk for ammonium release into overlying water,while the risk was low in Central Lake.

Aquatic ecoregion developed progressively as a water body zoning approach while constantly meeting the needs of water environment management.This paper reviewed the development process of aquatic ecoregion,and compared various zoning in hydrology,water resource,water environmental function,water function,ecological and hydrological regionalization,and aquatic ecology of different development stages.By introducing domestic and abroad research in aquatic ecoregion,and according to the current characteristics of aquatic ecoregion,we prospected the development trend of aquatic ecoregion in China.

As a green and low-cost wastewater treatment technology,constructed wetlands are widely applied in many fields in recent years. However,previous research also revealed that some problems occurred frequently during the running process of constructed wetlands.This paper summarized these problems such as clogging,low nitrogen removal efficiency,low pollution load,and temperature dependence. Meanwhile,methods to strengthen treatment efficiency,like intern intensification,technique improvement and instrument assembly,were also reviewed in this paper.Furthermore,the trend of technology development was discussed.

Building metabolism is a new hotspot in the present urban metabolism study,which mainly focuses on the flows of material and energy in the building system that may have pressure and harmful effects on the surrounding environment.This paper summarized the research methods and progress of urban building metabolism,and pointed out the applicable scope and characteristics of methods. Our review of literature in this field reveals several areas of high likelihood to be the key research frontiers of urban building metabolism study methods in the near future.These prospective new frontiers are promoting a hybrid urban cross-boundary metabolic method,focusing on the immaterial metabolic flows in building metabolism,formulating the available metabolic research methods to fit the regional characteristics of native soil architectures,integrating the quantity of material and value in the research of sustainable building to understand and evaluate the sustainability of building comprehensively.