Land cover change has great impacts on regional ecosystem conservation and environmental change. The aim of this research is to provide an approach to monitor land cover change based on false color synthesis of NDVI. The study area is the Yellow River Delta and the data sources are three scenes of Landsat TM images (TM images were acquired on May 7, 1987, May 5, 1998 and May 3, 2009 respectively). Relative radiometric normalization was done to TM images and then NDVI was calculated. At last, NDVI images were used as red, green and blue band to generate RGB false color synthesized image. Based on the false color synthesized image and principles of color synthesis, the land cover change from 1987 to 2009 in the Yellow River Delta was analyzed. The results are as follows. The grey-white color on the false color synthesized image means the NDVI of this area is always very high, the black color means the NDVI of this area is always very low, and the blue, green and red colors mean the vegetation of this area is in the status of dynamic change. Different color means different switch between land cover types; this is very straightforward, and well describes the characteristics of land cover change in the study area, especially, the switch between nature vegetation and cropland. However, for the instantaneity of NDVI, this approach based on false color synthesis of NDVI should be combined with remote sensing image classification to monitor the land cover change.

The complex basin topography of mountain reservoirs always brings challenge to core expanded, continuous, highly representative cores for paleoecological studies. Using a RS-QP0116 sub-bottom profiler, we tested and applied the shallow-strata profiling technology to 8 track lines in the Liuxihe Reservoir. Our results show that the reservoir bottom topography varies greatly with evidence of local underwater landslides and sediment accumulation, and that sediment thickness changes spatially from a few to more than a hundred centimeters. More importantly, ideal coring sites can be determined at where clear sediment layering of up to 10 cm in vertical resolution is seen, which was further confirmed by on-site coring. This demonstrates the shallow-strata profiler is suitable for sediment survey in mountain reservoirs, and is a necessary tool for determining sediment-coring sites in paleoecological research.

A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model was developed for Erhai Lake based on the Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC). A continuous 10-year simulation of water quality conditions in Erhai Lake was conducted with the model for the period from 2001 to 2010. The simulated results were in good agreement with observed data, indicating that the model simulation results were accurate and reasonable. The hydrodynamic and water quality model was used to analyze the seasonal and spatial changes of lake current circulation, water level variation and water quality condition. The dynamic environmental capacity of the lake was then determined based on the modeling results for main water quality constituents. The assimilative capacity of the lake was determined to be 1 150, 72, 12 780 and 10 093 tons per year for TN, TP, COD_Mn and BOD₅, respectively, with respect to the Class II national surface water quality standards. The three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model developed for Erhai Lake provides an important technological platform for protection of Erhai Lake water quality, and is instrumental for developing regulation and management strategies for water pollution control of the Erhai Lake watershed.

Culturable bacteria were isolated from surface seawater in Daya Bay, and identified by means of 16S rRNA gene V3 region sequences. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 35 sequences in this study and 46 sequences from GenBank. Seventy bacterial isolates were isolated and cultured from surface water of 9 stations in Daya Bay, which were classified into 35 categories. Within them, 40% belonged to Alphaproteobacteria, 35.7% to Actinobacteria, and 1.4% to Betaproteobacteria. Meanwhile, two genera, Kytococcus and Intrasporangium, which were rarely reported, were also isolated. The value of Shannon-Wiener`s index was 3.21, indicating a diversity of bacteria in Daya Bay. The high diversity of the culturable bacteria and abundance of Alphaproteobacteria suggested the good water quality and the potential microbial resources in Daya Bay.

In order to explore the toxic effects of nonylphenol (NP) on marine microalgae, effects of NP on the growth of Phaeodactylum triconutum were studied. The exposure concentrations of NP were 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0 mg·L^-1. Growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, soluble protein contents, MDA contents and Fv/Fm, as well as 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h EC₅₀ were measured during the experimental period. The results showed that, the 96 h EC50 of NP for P. triconutum was 0.84 mg·L^-1. When the exposure concentration of NP was above 0.4 mg·L^-1, the growth of P. triconutum was inhibited. And when it was more than 1.0 mg·L^-1, there was mass mortality of the algal cells. No growth of P. triconutum was observed as it came to 2.0 mg·L^-1. The decreases of growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, soluble protein contents, MDA contents, Fv/Fm were more notable with the increasing exposure concentration of NP. After 24 h exposure treatment, MDA contents increased with the increase of concentration of NP, indicating that high NP concentration enhanced algal cell membrane lipid peroxidation, and thus led to the structural damage and functional loss of cell membrane structure. NP had obvious toxic effects on the growth of P. tricornutum, and antioxidant enzyme systems and photosynthetic system were damaged.

In order to investigate the relationships between the growth of submerged macrophytes and the nutrients condition of their substrates under cyanobacterial stress conditions, mesocosms were constructed to study the effects of two different substrates (the yellow clay with relative poor nutrient and the black sediment with rich nutrient) on the growth of two submersed aquatic macrophytes, i.e. Vallisneria natans and Elodea canadensis after adding the same biomass of fresh cyanobacteria to each mesocosm. The results showed that the biomass of V. natans in the yellow clay was higher than that in black sediment as compared to E. Canadensis. Meanwhile, the maximum leaf length and the number of the new ramets were higher in the yellow clay, and the maximum root length was significantly longer in the yellow clay than that in the black sediment. As for the E. Canadensis, there was no significant difference in biomass between the two substrates, but the length, the number and the dry biomass of the new branches of E. Canadensis were larger in the yellow clay. All those results suggest that under cyanobacterial stress conditions, the substrates with the high nutrition level is not favorable to the growth of submerged macrophytes; moreover, their effects on the rooted submerged macrophyte V. natans were larger than those on the rhizoid submerged macrophyte E. Canadensis.

Macrozoobenthos in the Dongjiang River were investigated in April to June, 2012. Altogether 78 species belonging to 7 classes, 48 families,72 genera were recorded, of which were 12 species of oligochaetes, 17 species of molluscs, 47 species of aquatic insects, and 3 of other species. The dominant group in the upstream and source area were aquatic insects, comprising 70.2% and 58.3% of the total in density. While in the downstream oligochaete was the main specie, accounting for 62.0%. The applicability of Shannon diversity, Biotic Index (BI) and Family Biotic Index (FBI) was discussed, and the water quality in mainstream of Dongjiang River remained good．The water quality in main streams was overall good, and that in the source area was better than in other stream segments. The change in macroinvertebrate community structure and the decline in the number of benthos species indicated a deterioration trend in the regional Dongjiang River from the aspect of bio-assessment of water quality.

The diversity of benthos at two sampling stations in the mussel released area of Nanji Daleishan Island was surveyed in June 2012. Sixteen species were found in the two stations, including 6 species of Mollusca, 3 species of Arthropoda, 3 species of Algae, 2 species of Coelenterata, 2 species of Annelida. The averages of density and biomass in all locations were 1 592 inds/m² and 17 326.48 g/m² respectively. The mussel had the highest abundance and biomass among all benthic fauna. The averages of Shannon-Wiener index (H'), Simpson's diversity index (D), Pielou index (J) and Margalef index (d) were 1.48, 0.50, 0.57 and 1.13 in the order. Ranges of the indexes were 1.25-1.53, 0.46-0.54, 0.49-0.75 and 0.92-1.25 in that order. The indexes were all small, indicating the community of benthos was disturbed by human beings. However, ABC Curve of the intertidal zone of Daleishan Island showed that the benthic fauna communities were stable. The age of mussels in the intertidal zone was 1-2 mostly.

In order to study the effects of ecological restoration on the community structures of planktonic crustaceans, we investigated the planktonic crustaceans in two ecologically restored areas and an un-restored area of Huizhou West Lake monthly from January to December in 2010. Graptolebris testudinaria, Chydorus ovalis, Alona rectangular and Neodiaptomus schmackeri were only found in restored areas, and we found Bosminopsis deitersi and Pleuroxus sp. only in un-restored area. The abundance and the diversity index of the planktonic crustaceans in restored areas were higher than in un-restored area. Redundancy analysis showed that the abundance of Cladocera, Cyclopoida and Calanoida had significantly positive correlations with secchi depth, and the density of Calanoida had significantly negative correlations with nutrient levels. This study indicates that the ecological restoration has a significant effect on the community structures of planktonic crustaceans of lakes.

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the surface water of the Daya Bay, China was investigated to analyze its temporal and spatial distribution in four different seasons during December 2010 to November 2011, and its influence aspects were also discussed. The results showed that the surface DIC concentration ranged from 19.49 to 23.20 mg·L^-1, with average concentration of 21.13±1.07 mg·L^-1, lower than that in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Higher concentrations of DIC in surface waters were found in the northern & northwestern area, and lower concentrations in the eastern & outside sea area of Daya Bay. The temporal distribution of DIC was in the order of winter > summer > autumn > spring, but no significant differences were found among spring, summer and autumn. The DIC was found to be positively correlated with salinity, and negatively correlated with pH, temperature and chlorophyll a, but the correlation coefficient was not significant with the three environmental factors. The temporal and spatial variations of DIC were interpreted relative to monsoonal forcing, water temperature, salinity, hydrographic and biogeochemical features, organisms and so on.

Spodoptera litura larvae were exposed to different concentrations of CA (compound contamination of ClO₄^- and As⁵⁺) in the artificial diets, and the effects of CA on the food utilization of S. litura were investigated. The results showed that the highest RGR of A1B3 was 3.75% and showed significantly difference among treatments on the 1^st day. The lowest of A3B5 was 1.01% and the control of A0B0 was 2.23%. On the 3^rd day, the lowest ECI and ECD of A3B4 were 28.61% and 36.29%, respectively. However, the treatments of A3B1 to A3B5 still had higher AD on the 5^st day. The growth of insect larvae could be stimulated by CA under low concentrations of As⁵⁺, but inhibited by CA under high concentrations of As⁵⁺. Furthermore, the food utilization and transformation ability of larvae were improved in order to intake more nutrition for larvae growth in low CA. In contrast, the high CA inhibited larvae growth and disturbed feeding behavior. These results will provide guide significance on the toxicological effects and mechanisms of CA on S. litura.

From October 8^th to November 11^th 2012, Toxcontrol on-line biomonitor toxicity system located at Site 3 was used to carry out the research of automated biotoxicity monitoring in drinking water sources of Tianjin. At the same time, pH, concentration of NH₃-N, COD_Mn and DO at Site 3 and Site 4 were monitored. Totally 210 sets of effective data were obtained from the biotoxicity monitoring system during the pilot run period. The toxicity of the samples ranged from -52% to 21%, all of which was less than 30%, and did not exceed the alarm threshold. The values of pH, concentration of NH₃-N, COD_Mn, and DO obtained simultaneously were up to the standard III of the "Surface Water Quality Standard". Significantly negative correlations were revealed between toxicity and the concentration of NH₃-N (sig.<0.05), suggesting that NH₃-N with a suitable concentration might play key roles in promoting the growth or light-emitting of the bacteria.

The natural zeolite powder was modified by chitosan to prepare modified zeolite powder as an adsorptive material which was used to remove nickle(Ⅱ) from micro-polluted water, and the effects of the adsorption time, the zeolite powder dosages, the initial concentration and the pH on the removal of nickel (Ⅱ) were investigated. The results show that the removal efficiency of modified zeolite powder is significantly better than the natural zeolite powder. When the nickel (Ⅱ) initial concentration is less than 0.2 mg/L, after adding 1.5 g/L modified zeolite powder for 20 min adsorption, the residual concentration can be reduced to below 0.02 mg/L which reaches sanitary standard for drinking water (GB 5749-2006). Raising the pH is favorable to the removal of nickel (Ⅱ). In addition, both of the adsorption processes of two zeolite powder are in the line with Freudlich adsorption isothermal model, and the adsorption index of modified zeolite powder is smaller, which can illustrate the stronger adsorbtion capacity.

The cold resistance, regeneration capacity and salt tolerance of exotic aquatic plant Myriophyllum aquaticum were compared with those of Alternanthera philoxeroides. The results showed that M. aquaticum could grow normally in 4.7-17.4 oC, and could survive in winter, but A. philoxeroides all died; meanwhile, the fragments of M. aquaticum (0.5-5.0 cm) could relive and start to grow in water 1 day later, but A. philoxeroides just could relive and get to grow 3 days later. M. aquaticum also could grow well in the solution with NaCl 0-2 g·L^-1 and survive for 2-4 weeks in the solution with NaCl 4-5 g·L^-1. As M. aquaticum has the strong cold resistance, regeneration capacity and high salt tolerance, there is ecological risk to cultivate M. aquaticum in Ningbo area. So, we must use this plant carefully as a garden plant and control its population to over reproduce and spread.

To understand the effects of snow-cover and organic carbon input on the alpine soil ecosystem processes, intact soil core incubations in three different snow regimes (0, 30 and 100 cm depth) and litter input (0, 5 and 20g Sibiraea angustata leaf litter) were used to measure the microbial count and biomass in the eastern Tibetan Plateau from January to May 2010. The result showed that snow-cover could effectively isolate atmosphere and soil, reduce the amplitude and frequency of frozen-thawing events, and increase significantly bacteria and fungi count, while did not influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen. Litter input increased microbial count, while decreased microbial nitrogen content. The results indicated that snow-cover and organic carbon input impact directly soil microbial community in winter, and then affect the ecosystem processes in alpine zone.

The utilization of wild plants in the Miao nationality resident regions of Zongdi Village of Guizhou Province was investigated through ethnobotanical research methods. It was found that 83 species belonging to 42 families were commonly used by local people. Compositae (12 species), Liliaceae (12 species), Gramineae (5 species) and Rosaceae (5 species) were the four important families which accounted for 14.46%, 7.23%, 6.02% and 6.02% of total species respectively. The main use parts of wild plants included root (7 species), stem (33 species), phloem (3 species), leaf (26 species), flower (2 species), fruit (19 species), bud (5 species) and whole plant (16 species), accounting for 8.43%, 39.76%, 3.61%, 31.33%, 2.41%, 22.89%, 6.02% and 19.28% of total species respectively. These wild plants were classified as food plant (26 species), medicinal plant (37 species), building material plant (12 species), forage plant (9 species), craft plant (6 species), fiber plant (5 species), dry plant (3 species), oil plant (2 species), spirit plant (1 species) and entertainment plant (1 species), accounting for 31.33%, 44.58%, 14.46%, 10.84%, 7.23%, 6.02%, 3.61%, 2.41%, 1.20% and 1.20% of total species respectively. There were 6 species (7.23%) with three uses and 12 species (14.46%) with two uses. The research suggests that there are close relationships between the utilization of these wild plants and their biological characteristics, karst environment and Miao nationality culture, which also need further research.

Effects of environmental factors on the phosphorus release were studied by laboratory simulated test. The quantity of releasing phosphorus and the relationships between the different forms of phosphorus in soils of water-level-fluctuating zone of Baihua Reservoir were studied. Results showed that the phosphorus release amount was the most in yellow soils, and the least in the sand soils. The release strength of phosphorus from the soils increased with rising of the temperature. The phosphorus release amount under the stirring condition was more than under still condition. The soils released more phosphorus under the non-neutral condition compared to the neutral condition; the anaerobic condition was propitious to the phosphorus than the aerobic condition. Phosphorus form was related to the release. The OP in soils played the most important roles in phosphorus release; the Fe/Al-P and Ca-P were in high correlation with soil phosphorus release.

The "functional equivalent" relative evaluation model is used to assess the supply of ecosystem services of Binhai New Area in this paper. From the perspective of the supply and demand of ecosystem services function, we established the index system of human needs service functions. Focusing on human needs service functions quantification and method, we have quantitatively analyzed the supply and demand of the Binhai New Area's ecosystem service function. The results are as follows. The per capita demand function equivalent was 0.43 in Binhai New Area and the ecological gap was 2.4×10⁵. The Binhai New Area ecosystem services supply was less than demand. Some suggestions are given from three aspects, including reasonably controlling population, increasing ecosystem area, and improving the service quality of ecosystem services.

The biomass allometric models of Pinus tabulaeformis, Betula dahurica Pall, Tilia mandshurica, Acer mono Maxim and Larix principis-rupprechtii have been built after measuring the biomass of main species in Badaling Forest Farm using standard block method. The result shows that the allocation proportion of main species biomass in descending order is Acer mono>Pinus tabulaeformis>Tilia mandshurica>Betula dahurica>Larix principis-rupprechtii. The biomass of each main species is 93.28 t/hm² (Acer mono Maxim), 86.40 t/hm² (Pinus tabulaeformis), 50.24 t/hm²(Tilia mandshurica), 36.05 t/hm²(Betula dahurica Pall), and 20.21 t/hm²(Larix principis-rupprechtii), and the total of five amounts to 286.17 t/hm². The result calculated by IPCC model indicates that different species produce different biomass in the same time, and the discrepancy of biomass calculation might be caused by the difference in method of allometric model setting. The result could benefit the biomass calculation of different tree species a lot and promote to set up a general allometric model.

Mosquitoes are seriously harmful to human health for transmitting some mortal diseases. Among all methods of mosquito control, synthetical insecticides are the most popular for their effective and durable effects. But there is high resistance of mosquito to insecticides and heavy environmental pollution as a result of long-term use of synthetical insecticides. Thus, eco-friendly prevention measures are taken into the agenda. Based on the relationship between mosquito and the environment, such as water and plant, this paper discussed the potential of controlling mosquito by plants, and summarized the resource of mosquito-repellent and mosquitocidal plants in China. We emphasized the wide application prospect of mosquito-repellent and mosquitocidal plants in mosquito control products, and in modern protective greenlands and healthy wetland ecosystems, which provided a new idea for ecological management of mosquito.

A new subspecies of Daphnia: Daphnia similoides sinensis was recorded. The type was deposited in the Institute of Hydrobiology of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. This subspecies was described as Daphnia carinata in China. Recently, papers about the biology and ecology of Daphnia similoides, but not about morphology, were published. The Daphnia similoides sinensis showed 99% similarity in COI gene to Daphnia similoides that was published from Taiwan, but they were significantly different in male antennule. D. similoides sinensis had a shorter aesthetase and different separation of flagellum, and the different shape of female postabdomen as well. The four local specimens of this subspecies collected from Guangdong, Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangsu Province, were compared morphologically, and no taxonomically difference was found.

Haitan Island of Pingtan County was chosen as the study area. Based on Landsat TM image (in 1990) and ALOS images (in 2010), with the support of ArcGIS and Fragstats software platform, the spatial-temporal characteristics of landscape dynamic change and their ecological effects were quantitatively analyzed during the past 20 years (from 1990 to 2010), by using the models of land use dynamic degree and transition matrix of land use types, as well as index method of landscape pattern. The results showed that the landscape pattern of study area had a significant dynamic change in the past 20 years. The land for built-up and settlement place increased continuously in large scale, while farmland decreased obviously. Farmland and forest land were the main landscape types in Haitan Island. The transition between the landscape types was mainly the changes between farmland and forest land, along with farmland and forest land changing to urban (including built-up, settlement place and road). Based on the analysis of class level indices, the patches of various types tended to fragment. At landscape scale, landscape pattern tended to diversification; meanwhile landscape heterogeneity was increased, and the fragmentation degree was deepened. From the spatial changes of landscape ecological effect, the influences of human activities expanded along the roads and urban regions.