For the sake of controlling algal bloom caused by the eutrophication of water bodies, the orthodox biomanipulation approach advocates the stocking of piscivorous fishes to suppress the planktivorous fish so as to bolster the zooplankton population, which is entrusted to suppress the algal community through its grazing pressure.. According to this line of thinking, the planktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichchys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) should be the target of elimination from the water bodies concerned. Authors of the present paper, however, consider that the most undesirable water bloom in Chinese lakes is the cyanophycean or cyanobacterial Microcystis bloom, which can hardly be consumed by zooplankton, accordingly, it seems more reasonable to employ the silver carp and bighead carp directly for the control of Microcystis bloom. Thus, during the years 1989 to 1992, three in situ enclosure experiments were undertaken in Lake Donghu of Wuhan city, and the experiment was further repeated in 2000. The results of all these experiments corroborated that Microcystis bloom, vanished from Lake Donghu for 18 years already, did resume in the enclosures devoid of fish. In those enclosures stocked with adequate densities of silver carp or/and bighead carp, Microcystis bloom failed to occur. In those fish-less enclosures where Microcystis bloom already occurred, the introduction of silver carp or/and bighead carp at an adequate density did wipe out the bloom within a short period of time; whereas the stocking of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in these enclosures brought no effect at all-the bloom persisted throughout the experiment. The above results demonstrated consistently that the planktivorous silver carp and bighead carp could reliably suppress Microcystis bloom; the effective stocking rate or biomass of these fish for the elimination of Mycrocystis bloom has been estimated at 46~50 g per cubic meter of water. The biomass of these two fishes in Lake Donghu was not up to this standard until the year of 1985, hence the exceptional absence of this bloom from the lake that year. In the succeeding years, the fish yield of the lake has been on the rise year after year, implying a steady increase of the biomass of these fishes in the lake, hence there has been no opportunity for the Microcytis bloom to recur. Evidently, water quality and other non-biological environmental factors of the lake are still vulnerable to the formation and development of this bloom, and if the annual fish crop declines to below the threshold level (i.e., the 1015 t fish yield of the lake in 1985), the recurrence of Mycrocystis bloom will be inevitable. The doctrine and practice of the orthodox approach of biomanipulation could in no way check the outburst of this bloom; on the contrary, the direct suppression of this bloom through the phytoplanktivorous fishes silver carp and bighead carp has its experimental grounds and has been proved effective in the fishery practice of Lake Donghu.

In the late spring and early summer of 1998, an extensive Prorocentrum minimum bloom developed in the Choptank River of Chesapeake Bay, USA. A series experiments were conducted to determine the physiological characteristics of P. minimum in relation to its bloom development. These physiological characteristics in term of nitrogen uptake were applied toward the development of a simulation model of P. minimum bloom dynamics. Several scenarios were tested with this model to demonstrate the importance of some key ecological and physiological processes in the development and maintenance of P. minimum blooms. Model results suggested an initial pulse of sufficient nitrogen from river flow was essential for the bloom initiation, but the composition of this initial nutrient delivery was not significant in bloom initiation. However, the bloom was sustained by reduced nitrogen sources after its establishment. The physiological preference for reduced nitrogen uptake by P. minimum therefore plays an importance role in bloom maintenance, with reduced nitrogen representing more than 90% of total nitrogen uptake in the bloom peak period. The model further suggested that the ability of P. minimum to maintain a significant uptake of nitrogen under low light or dark conditions would be advantageous in its bloom development.

This article reports the ecological degradation and off-site environmental impacts of acid drainage in Guangdong Dabaoshan Mine, based on field observation and measurements, and laboratory analysis of the water and soil samples collected from the site. The results show that the open pits are major acid sources for acid mine drainage. At the time of field measurements, the mine water discharging into a tributary of the Wengjiang River had a pH of 3.36 at the Mud Containment Dam (MCD). Concentrations of most heavy metals exceeded the permitted levels of waste water discharge stated in the National (P.R. China) Standards for Integrated Waste Water Discharges (GB8978-1996) even at a point of about 3.5 km downstream of the Mud Containment Dam. From a technical point of view, remediation of this minesite requires a combination of geochemical engineering and bioremediation technologies.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1000 and R1601 were used to induce hairy roots from sterile cotyledons leaf and stems of Trichosanthes bracteata Voigt, the hairy root system was established by conducting inducement under various conditions. The results showed that temperature set at 250C, activating bacteria content fsxed with optical density OD₆₀₀ 0.7, solution plt value maintained at 6.0 and no addition of hormone level were better conditions for inducement, positive detection of agropine in the resulted hairy roots Orove transformation successful.

For the sake of promoting network management and data usage of observation station in China, 25 stations were selected as state level experimental sites and first investigated through questionnaires, network query and email contact from August to October in 2002. The inquisitional content included the condition of infrastructure, software and hardware, network system, dataset, manages and run mode about national and international observation station. Results showed that some problems about measure, management, standardization and share of data from 25 field observation stations were found. Finally, based on comprehensive assessment of survey results, to formulate network management system of observation stations in China.

The artificial wetland system is an integrate ecosystem, with well interior cycles and better economic benefit and ecological benefit. Daily variation in stomatal conductance of wetland plant were studied in this paper.The results showed that daily variation in stomatal conductance of leaf has the tendency of double-peak curve, appearing "noon break" in clear day, and peak value in the morning is higher than that in the afternoon. This is not influenced by temperature of leaf, relative humid, air temperature and flux of light quantum, but controlled by comprehensive impact of environmental factors and physiological characteristics of Alisma orientate. The author thinks that the different response of wetland plants to environment can provide theory basis for the construction of biodiversity of constructed wetland garden.

The effects of applying desulphurization byproducts on radish growth in pot-experiment with acid soil were studied. It was showed that (1) applying desulphurization products to red soil derived from different parent material was effective in promoting the growth and improving the quality of radish; (2) The reason for positive effects could be that the desulphurization products are rich in Ca, S, B, Si, Mo e.t.c.Which are just lack generally in red soils. By applying desulphurization products properly, the physical and chemical property of soils was also effectively improved; (3) The content of heavy metal such as Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Se, Ni, Cu e.t.c. in desulphurization products was below the national set limit, thus applying desulphurization products properly to the soil, the content of heavy metal in the first season crop was below the set limit for nuisanceless food.

Based on the forming mechanism of cumulative environment effect of compound ecosystem on development, and according to the nonlinear dynamic character of system and environmental effect-response process curve, the time-series multivariable decision-making mode was preferred. Owing to the weighting information came from objective environment and the greater the damage contribution to ecosystem, the higher the weighting value, at the same time, the environmental effect takes a kind of linear, serious sharpening trend and leave smoothing character. So in the paper based on the principle of ‘loss-density curve' advanced by L. D. James, the relative importance weighting of water environment factor and exponent character a quantitative calibrating scale model on of dynamic monitoring factor of environmental effect was set up in light of factors threshold value. In the decision-making theoretical model time and space parameter is taken into account so for the decision-making process and results they also indicated the time series character. To any compound ecosystem, the preferred method possessed a certain directing for the system regulation and dynamic appraise with long-term or period ambiguity character. In the paper it was proved reasonable by means of theoretical analysis. In the other relative paper referenced of author, the dynamic decision-making model had been proved effective. However owing to the limitation of paper length only the factor weighting method on compound ecosystem with S curve trend was explained more detailed. In addition a great many long-term ecological factors was required to conform the threshold curve coefficient so in the paper the application example is not given.

Based on pot experiment in different acid red soil, the effect of desulphurizaion byproduct on radish nutrition and the mechanism was studied, and the result showed as follow: (1) rich calcium of desulpurization byproduct has high biological validity for radish if used properly, in granite red earth or granite lateritic red earth, the suitable rate of desulphurization byproduct is 5-10g·kg^-1, however, the proper rate of desulphurization byproduct in arenaceous shale lateritic red earth is 10~20g·kg^-1 or so; (2) in this study, proper use of desulphurization byproduct eliminated the obstacle factor induced by calcium absence that affect radish nutrition absorption, so promoted nutrition uptake, boosted radish growth and enhanced yield. (3)properly use of desuphurization byproduct was not led to heavy metal enrichment in radish crop, showed that it can't influence the security of farm product.

On the basis of the present ecologic situation of the mangrove of Qi'ao Island in Zhuhai city, the paper puts special reference on the system composition, main community-type, ecological series, the structure and physiognomy of community and the main species of the animals. There are 9 species of mangrove belonging to 7 families, 6 species of semi-mangrove belonging to 5 families, 8 species of satellite belonging to 4 families. There are 46 species of birds belonging to 10 orders and 20 families in the island. The vegetation in Qi'ao island is classified as six communities, there are five mangrove communities: Kandelia candel-Aegiceras corniculatum-Acanthus ilicifolius community, Aegiceras corniculatum-Phragmites communis community, Acanthus ilicifolius community, Sonneratia apetala community, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza-Heritiera littoralis community. The sustainable management measures were proposed in the light of the situation of mangrove swamp resource in Qi'ao Island, Zhuhai.

Taking the equal interval sample sequence of Noctiluca scienlillans in Dapeng Bay in spring as a stochastic process variable, the clustering Stochastic Point Process model for the risk of exceeding the threshold of Noctiluca scientillans was developed on the basis of the theory of stochastic process. A goodness of fit test was made after a stochastic process analysis and results estimate for the risk rate of Noctiluca scientillans red tide. It has a significance in predicting the occurring of the Noctiluca scientillans red tide.

A quantitative analysis on material and energy flowing of food chain of dandelion-tadpole-mud eel is reported in this paper). It is shown that the economic products of the food chain had lower material and energy transforming efficiency. The biomass, energy, N and P transforming efficiency were 1.1%, 0.8%, 3.1% and 1.5% respectively. However the food chain can stimulate the appetite of mud eels, which is beneficial to mud eels breeding.

Through the rotation field experiment with pineapple and sugarcane as the crop from the year 2000 to 2002, the effect of pineapple and sugarcane rotation on the ecosystem of the soil was been studied.The results showed that: compared with the continuous cropping of sugarcane-sugarcane field, the crop rotation of Pineapple-sugarcane could improve the capability of aeration and water storage, accelerate the release of the quick effective nutrient, strengthen soil enzyme activity and increase the total quantity of microbe of soil (general aerobic bacteria, fungi, actinomyce). The beneficial ammonifier and the nitrifying bacteria were doubled, while the unbeneficial anaerobic bacteria, denitrify bacteria were inhibited, the quantity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria was less and not changed more. The nature of sugarcane soil ecosystem improvement affected by the rotation of pineapple and sugarcane lies in that after the rotation of pineapple-sugarcane, because of different crops, leading to the improvement of soil structure and the increase species and number of soil micro-organism, and the increase of soil biological activity, and the increase of speedy nutrients.

Beijing Song mountain nature reserve is a national nature reserve in Beijing city. It has typical landscape of the northern temperate climate. Protected objects are mainly natural Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) deciduous broad-leave forest ecological systems. This paper reports the preliminary result of part of macro-fungi in Beijing song mountain nature reserve. Used Ainsworth's identification system, Results of investigation show that there are 31 species of wild macro-fungi in Beijing Song mountain nature reserve belonging to 2 subphyla, 16 families. Among them, 23 species are edible and medicinal, 7 timber rotting, 7 ectomycorrhizal fungi, 6 poisonous. The species diversity is very high in this area, induding animals and plant and macro-fungi. The potential value for utilization is very high.

Based on the relevant red tide data and research works, the distribution of coastal waters where red tides frequently occurred, main species of red tide organism, environmental conditions and red tide ecological characteristics in Chinese coastal waters were analyzed. The results showed that the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay, Dalian Bay, the Changjiang River estuary, waters around Zhoushan Islands, Hangzhou Bay, Xiamen Bay, Zhelin Bay, Dapeng Bay and the Pearl River estuary were the frequent occurrence areas of red tide. Many factors might influence the occurrence of red tide, which included weather, hydrodynamic and nutrient conditions, and the variation of biological environment. Human activity, such as marine aquaculture and pollution discharged from land which accelerated eutrophication in coastal waters was also an important impact factor on red tide. However, eutrophication is not the only key to red tides, red tides also occurred in sea area with low nutrient concentration. Long-term spot monitoring should be strengthened and deeper research work should be developed, aiming at the mechanism and key inspiring factors of red tides.

Increased input of the fuel oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) into the environment has posed serious risks to human health and the environment. This paper reviews current MTBE research with a heavy emphasis on the environmental behavior and fate of MTBE, and toxicity evaluation and risk characterization. Initial studies indicated that a large amount of MTBE is released to the atmosphere and it will be susceptible to photoxidation with an estimated half-life of 4 days. MTBE is biodegradable under aerobic conditions, but little or no anaerobic degradation of MTBE has been found. Based on current MTBE toxicological data, MTBE has been recognized as the animal carcinogen and no strong evidence has been found to indicate the carcinogenic potential of MTBE for humans. MTBE is toxic to various aquatic organisms at high exposed dosages (>7.4 mg·L^-1),low exposed levels of iv1TBE (<0.1 mg·L^-1) seem unlikely to have toxicity to those species. Few studies have been reported in toxicity of MTBE to terrestrial plants. Broadly speaking, full evaluation of toxicity of MTBE would require more comprehensive studies with special attention to chronic and sablethal toxicity to those species of lives.

Three phases can be recognized in the development of the coevolutionary research program:1.Recognition of predictable associations among hosts and their parasites; 2.Search for patterns of association and their underling causes;3.Development of objective and repeatable methods for reconstructing and interpreting these patterns of association.Now, modern research mainly concentrates and expands on the interpretation of the biological questions associated with coevolution-how and why it happened? This paper also gives the method of Brooks parsimony analysis (BPA), and discusses several questions of coevolution.

The relationship between biodiversity and productivity has emerged as a major scientific issue today. In this paper, we introduce their concepts and research background., summarize the new advance and debates in the relationship between productivity and species richness: 1.To date, it is not conclusively accepted whether species richness or species traits decides the ecosystem function ;2.The increasing evidence of the relationship between biodiversity and productivity indicates that their relationship may vary strongly with scale. Understanding ecologic scale will help us break through in the study; 3. Although species differ in importance to ecosystem processes, we do not believe that this argues for preservation of just a few species for that we can not identify which species within a group are more or less important, particularly in the long-term; 4.There are not general patterns between species richness and productivity because of the complexity of natural ecosystem. On the basis of the existing results of the studies, both the problems open to be solved and the potential trend of the study are discussed, which is of great significance to the future studies.

Based on the in site investigation data obtained during the period from June 2001 to May 2002 and the history data from Liyang Environmental Protection Bureau in Tianmuhu Lake, the evolution trend of water environment is analyzed in detail. The results show that water quality decreases significantly and continuously aggravates with fishery and increase of tourists. The main water environment problem is water quality in Tianmuhu Lake has evidently been deteriorated. The symptom of the water deterioration can be seen from the fact that blue-green, and green algae quickly reproduce and sight quality decreases. Having done some field monitoring and over analysis of the trend of water environment in Tianmuhu Lake, we found that the main causes are: the increases of aquiculture and accommodating facilities in resort. Aiming to the present situation of water environment, the countermeasures of protecting water reserve and ameliorating water quality are given: (1) Strictly controlling the sources of pollution; (2) Restoring macrophyte; (3) Adjusting framework of aquiculture; (4) Restoring vegetation and controlling the input of nitrogen and phosphorus; (5) Intensifying the management of valley; (6) Enforcing ecological tourism.

The situation of soil contamination by heavy metals is very severe all over the world, and the traditional remediation technologies have many defects that are hard to be overcome. Recently, a nascent phytoremediation technology, in which plants was used to clean up the heavy metals in soil, was developed and hoped to solve the problem, and this technology was regarded as a cost-effective "green" technology. However, it needed much longer time than other traditional technologies, so, screening and breeding hyperaccumulators and increasing the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil became the key to improve the effect of intake and shorten the period of remediation. This paper reviewed some recent hot topics and their progresses in the field including: screening of hyperaccumulators, transgenic hyperaccumulators, and chelate-enhanced phytoremediation, et al; Some suggestions were also put forward for the work of our country in this field.

Based on the Ecological Footprint theory and method, the ecological footprint and capacity of Shandong Province in 2001 is accounted in this paper, and the ecological deficit is also calculated. The results illustrate that the ecological footprint is 1.37720hm²·cap^-1, while the ecological capacity is only 0.58755hm²·cap^-1.So there is a ecological deficit of 0.78965hm²·cap^-1 in Shandong Province.These results indicate that the demand for ecologically productive land has surpassed the ability of supplying seriously. The ecological state is not optimistic during the process of economic development. As the ecological footprint is higher than the ecological capacity in the province but lower than that of the world, the development of economy is unsustainable on the scale of province but sustainable on the scale of the world. The outstanding status of heavy industry in the industrial structure and the coal-dominant energy consume are the main causes For the high value of ecological footprint. Further more, the large population may lead to the decrease ofecological capacity and increase of ecological footprint.In order to promote the sustainable and healthy development of economy, the industrial and energy consume structure should be optimized, population be controlled. And the resources-saving social production and consume pattern should be established.

Forest plays an important role in terrestrial ecosystem. This paper discussed the ecological function of forest plants from the standpoint of cleaning contaminated atmosphere, water and soil. Some plants are able to absorb the toxic gases such as SO₂, Cl₂, HF and even radioactive materials. These plants can be used to clean the atmosphere pollution or monitor the pollution. Some plants can absorb contaminants from the soil. Those plants can be active in so called phytoremediation of contaminated soil. Forest plants reduce the air temperature through evapotranspiration. They can also conserve soil and water, resist wind damage and fix the sand. Therefore, the forest plants have enormous environment benefit.