We studied the toxic effect of algal toxin MCLR crude extraction,preliminary purified extraction and purified MCLR produced by laboratory-cultured Microcystis aeruginosa on mouse lymphocytes by using single cell gel electrophoresis(SCGE).The results showed that large amount of pigments and lipids in the crude extraction were removed by the n-hexane extraction in the preliminary process.When MCLR concentrations in crude extraction were higher than 66.2μg·L-1,DNA damages could be induced;whereas when MCLR concentrations in preliminary purified extraction were higher than 125μg·L-1,DNA damages were induced.The tail DNA% and OTM of preliminary purified extraction were slightly less than those of crude extraction.However,the damages of purified MCLR were much less than those of crude extraction.The damages for purified MCLR with the concentration of 494μg·L-1 were similar to those of crude extraction with 75.9μg·L-1 MCLR.Major parts of organic substances with UV adsorption,which were removed in the MCLR purification process,might bring about the significant differences between the crude extraction and purified MCLR.
[1] Bartram J,Burch M.Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water:a Guide to their Public Health Consequences,Monitoring and Management[A].In:Chorus I.Situation Assessment,Planning and Management[C].New York:World Health Organization,1999.178.
[2] Ferreira M F,Oliveira V M,Oliveira R,da Cunha P V,Grisolia C K,Pires O R.Histopathological effects of[D-Leu(1)]Microcystin-LR variants on liver,skeletal muscle and intestinal tract of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes,1844)[J].Toxicon,2010,55(7):1255-1262.
[3] ZhanL,Sakamoto H,Sakuraba M,Wu D S,Zhang L S,Suzuki T,Hayashi M,Honma M.Genotoxicity of microcystin-LR in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells[J].Mutation Research,2004,557:1-6.
[4] Abramsson-Zetterberg L,Sundh U B,Mattsson R.Cyanobacterial extracts and microcystin-LR are inactive in the micronucleus assay in vivo and in vitro[J].Mutation ReseaNh-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis,2010,699(1-2):5-10.
[5] Gaudin J,Huet S,Jarry G Fessard V.In vivo DNA damage induced by the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR:Comparison of intra-peritoneal and oral administrations by use of the comet assay[J].Mutation Research,2008,652:65-71.
[8] Singh N P,McCoy M T,Tice R R,ScbneiderE L.A simple technique for quantification of levels of DNA damage in individual cell[J].Experimental Cell Research,1988,175(1):184-191.
[9] Masango M,Myburgh J,Botha C,Labuschagne L,Naicker D.A comparison ofin vivo and in vitro assays to assess the toxicity of algal blooms[J].Water Research,2008,42:3241-3248.
[11] Mankiewicz J,Walter Z,Tarczynska M,Palyvoda O,Wojtysiak-Staniaszczyk M,Zalewski M.Genotoxicity of cyanobacterial extracts containing microcystins from polish water reservoirs as determined by SOS chromotest and comet assay[J].Environ Toxicol,2002,17:341-350.
[12] Ding W X,Shen H M,Zhu H G,Lee B L,OngC N.Genotoxicity of microcystic cyanobacteria extract of a water source in China[J].Mutation Research,1999,442:69-77.
[13] Wang M H,Chan L L,Si M Z,Hong H S,Wang D Z.Proteomic analysis of hepatic tissue of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) experimentally exposed to chronic nucrocystin-LR[J].Toxicological Sciences,2010,113(1):60-69.
[14] Jasionek G,Zhdanov A,Davenport J,Blaha L,Papkovsky D B.Mitochondrial toxicity of microcystin-LR on cultured cells:application to the analysis of contaminated water samples[J].Environmental Science ＆ Technology,2010,44(7):2535-2541.
[15] ?egura B,Volcic M,Lah T T,Filipic M.Different sensitivities of human colon adenocarcinoma (CaCo-2),astrocytoma(IPDDC-A2)and lymphoblastoid(NCNC)cell lines to microcystin-LR induced reactive oxygen species and DNA damage[J].Toxicon,2008,52:518-525.
