Synthetic organic pollutants are not only toxic and accumulative but also able to induce malformation and mutation. Contamination of synthetic compounds in environment disrupts the endocrine system in organisms including human beings. Developed countries have established regulations to limit and control the amount of these compounds in water and food chain. It is clearly known that some herbicides and insecticides (e.g. atrazine and DDT), and plasticizers are all endocrine-disrupting organics, which have adverse effect on the normal development of organisms. These compounds, however, present widely in the environment. The concentration could be extremely high under special circumstance. For example, as high as 10 g·L^-1 of phthalic acid and dimethyl phthalate ester (DMPE) were found in landfill leachate. According to our investigation on microbial degradation of phthalic acid and DMPE, enrichment culture obtained from activated sludge and mangrove can mineralize this kind of compounds within short period of time. It is also found that single bacterial species is not able to completely degrade DMPE. Consortium of two or three pure species could mineralize DMPE at a concentration of 500 mg·L^-1 within one week. Two degradation intermediates were isolated and identified, and degradation pathway has been established in our investigation. It has been approved that environmental hormone such as DMPE could be mineralized by microorganisms. On the other hand, environmental residues of pharmaceutical compounds are an emerging problem and more attention should be paid to conduct research in this field.

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is the most commonly used gasoline oxygenate in the North American's fuel industry. Its persistence in groundwater is of significant concern, which provides a major stimulus for the investigation and research on the environmental sites contaminated with MTBE. There is evidence that MTBE has become one of the most common contaminants in urban groundwater. Aerobic biodegradation has been viewed as one of the most effective methods for treating MTBE contamination, in which MTBE is broken down to the intermediate tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) through the activities of the enzymes cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase (CYP 450s), and TBA is further metabolized to the final products CO₂ and H₂O. Enzymes of the CYP 450s are the typical enzyme of vascular paints to play a critical role in the plant metabolism and we therefore have good reasons to believe that paints would be able to metabolize MTBE. Initial studies indicated that more than 24 plants from 15 families were found to be unable to degrade MTBE. Currently there is no data available in the research of phytoremediation of TBA. This paper examined the degradation potential of rert-butyl alcohol (TBA) by willow trees (Salix alba) within a carefully designed bioreactor. Pre-rooted willow trees were kept in an Erlenmeyer flask of 500 mL with 450 mL spiked aqueous solution for 12 days. TBA and other possible intermediates of TBA were measured by GC/FID. Willow tree uptake tests indicated that 15.26% TBA mass in aqueous solution was removed through willow tree activities at 15℃ over a 12-day period of exposure. No any other possible metabolite of TBA was tracked and trace amounts of TBA mass (<1%) were found within the willow tree biomass as insoluble residue during the entire period of tests. Excised willow roots and leaves were also used to investigate the potential of willow trees to degrade TBA within glass vessels with 25 mL spiked solution for 3 days. Results of metabolism tests with excised roots and leaves indicated that significant TBA reduction (>10%) was not observed in any of the tests and any other known metabolite of TBA was not detected. It is to conclude that TBA is also persistent to the attack of plant enzymes of willow trees. The persistency of TBA may be the key to inhibit and/or disrupt the CYP-450s enzymes of willow trees in the processes of the MTBE metabolism.

The quantitative relationship between molecular connective index (MCI) and half-lethal dose (LC50) of organic chemicals to rainbow trout were investigated based on a set of the observed data of 212 chemicals. The results showed that it was difficult to develop a single MCI model, even with structural correction factors introduced. The quantitative structure-toxicity relationship of the chemicals, however, could be depicted using separated models for individual classes of chemicals. The adjusted coefficients of determination of the models are between 0.62 and 0.92, and the overall mean residual is 0.283 log-units. Chemicals with relatively large residuals above 0.5 log-units account for less than 12% of the chemicals studied. Among seven chemical classes, the largest mean residual was derived from the model for organophosphate (OP).

COD, DIN, PO₄-P and Chl a were investigated in Zhelin Bay between June 2001 and June 2002. All four parameters were used as criteria for the eutrophication classification. Data were analysed by mathematical model. Results show that the inner harbor of Zhelin Bay was meso-eutrophic and the outer harbor was oligotrophic.

Based on the techniques of Geographic Information System(GIS), soil fertility evaluation was conducted for the farmlands in Changchun suburb area. Arclnfo software was adopted for spatial data collection, processing and analysis. Evaluation unit was determined by land use. AHP was applied to judge the weight of each evaluation factor. Based on the method of fuzzy mathematics, membership functions were set up to calculate the values of all evaluation factors and units. Soil fertility level was graded according to the comprehensive assessment values. The evaluation result was mapped using Arc View GIS software.

The composition of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the three plant communities, evergreen broad-leaf forests, plantations (Acacia confusa, Pinus elliottii, and Eucalyptus leizhou), and cassava croplands in Guangdong Province were surveyed. Trifolium repens was used as a bait plant to trap the AMF spores in the soil sample. The spores were isolated from the soil by sieving and decanting procedure and centrifugation using sucrose. Based on the shape, color, size, wall ornamentation and the structure of subtending hypha, a total of 20 morphotypes of AM fungal spores, belonging to 3 families and 5 genera, were recognized. Of these, 10 types are in Glomus, 5 in Acaulospora, 2 in Gigaspora and Scutellospora respectively and 1 in Entrophospora. Among the 20 spore types, Glomus is the most widespread genus, cf. Glomus versiforme, cf. G. dolichosporum, cf. G. eburneum, and Acaulospora scrobiculata are found in 3 studied communities. The other types are only confined to a few soil samples.

The 302-nucleotide sequences of the 5' terminal region of Ls-rDNA from Pinus massoniana lamb was determined. The phylogenetic tree based on the data of Ls-rDNA suggested that Pinus was more closely related to Taxodium and Gnetum than to other gymnosperms, the 3 genera constituted a monophyletic group, while Ginkgo and Cycas formed another monophyletic group within Gymnosperms, which might represent the two evolutionary procession of gymnosperms; The monophyly of both Gymnosperms and Angiosperms was supported. The potential of analysis of phylogeny of partial sequences of 5' terminal region of Ls-rDNA of higher level of taxon of seed plants was addressed.

Urban forests play an important role in improving and beautifying the eco-environment of a city. In this paper, based on the current situation of landscape classification, the indices of diversity, dominance, fragmentation and patch density were studied. With principle of ecology, the diversity of forest landscape of Maofeng Mountain forest park was analyzed in three respects, forest landscape type diversity, patch diversity and pattern diversity. Results showed thatrthe orchard and bamboo forest were highly fragmented; broadleaved mixed forest remained completed, fragmentation was smallest, whi'e Castanopsis fissa forest was biggest; the distributions proportion of every landscape types were uneven, the proportion differences between landscape types which constituted Maofeng Mountain forest park were smaller than that of Guangzhou area.

The phytoplankton communities and physical and chemical factors in two types, upland pond and lowland pond, of Penaeus vannamei culture ponds were investigated. The results showed that the nutrient contents of lowland ponds were higher than that of upland ponds. Water salinity of upland ponds was higher than that of lowland ponds. Salinity may be the main factor that influenced the phytoplankton communities. Cyanophyta, such as Microcystis sp., Merismopedia glauca and Aphanizomenon flosaquae, predominated numerically in low salinity ponds, while Diatom such as Navicula cryptocephala and Asterionella formosa in high salinity ponds.

In this paper, dynamics of structure of Arthropod groups in Kudzu Pueraria lobata was analyzed based on parameters of richness [the number of species (S), richness of species (R)], diversity [Shannon-Wiener index (H'), Brillouin index (H), Simposon index (D), and Mclntosh index (DMc)], evenness (J'), dominance [dominance degree (d) and dominance concentration degree (C)J. Two peaks of the richness and diversity occurred in a year, one in late May and the second in November. During the period of first peak, indexes of 5, R, D, H', H and DMc were 38.00, 6.020 5, 0.905 6,4.020 5, 3.856 0 and 0.720 7, respectively. In the second peak period, the values above parameters were 34.00, 6.666 1, 0.924 5,4.212 4, 3.677 9 and 0.780 8 respectively. The index J' fluctuated significantly from January to April, with maximum (0.889 9) in middle January and minimum (0.576 5) in late February. The same trend of d comparing with C was found and its peak occurred in late February to early March. It showed that there was an opposite trend between diversity and dominance and that a consanguineous relation between evenness and stability was found.

The effects of different intensity of UV-B irradiation enhancement on photosynthetic pigments (cholophyll a and carotenoids) and polysacchride content were studied in Nanochloropsis sp. and Prorocentrum micans. Results proved that Nanochloropsis sp. is higher in UV resistance than Prorocentrum micans. Chla content in Nanochloropsis sp. mantained stable relatively during UV-B treatment, while Chla content in Prorocentrum micans decreased obviously. On the other hand, the lower dosage of UV-B induced a marked increase in carotenoids content for Nanochloropsis sp., which may protect Chla from damage, hence played an important role for Nanochloropsis sp. in resisting of UV-B enhancement. Moreover, polysaccharide content in Nanochloropsis sp. increased during UV-B treatment. It indicated that polysaccharide may have some functions against UV-B. Prorocentrum micans showed more sensitive to UV-B enhancement, consistent with its weaker functions.

It took 4 years for introduction and trial of mangrove Sonneratia apetala on the seashore of east Guangdong. The results showed that the area of introduction is north to its original and successful introduction in Zhangjiang, Shenzhen about 1°08'N, 2°22'N and 1°06' N. It has own characteristic of growth and ecological adaptability, and for its forestation and protection, the different technical procedures were required. We accomplished the introduction with 243.3 hm2, which becomed the largest, most north and most successful introduction of this kind of plant in our country. The forests were developing normally. Under suitable condition, its average height growth can reach 2.24 m after planted for one year. It would be 6 or 7 years earlier than the indigenous species to realize protective function. After planted for one year, the Sonneratia apetala flowers and bears seeds twice every year and regenerates normally. The forest that was planted in Sept. 1998 had regenerated 4 times. Moreover, both of its biological features, such as resistance, and its economics quality can keep nearly the same as its original.

The investigation on the development of vegetation in Zengziyan of Jinfo Mountain showed thai.: 1)The plant community at the mining area has degenerated from short forests to shrub, while the plant community at non-Mine district was on progressive succession; 2)Both species diversity and evenness at the mine district were lower than those at the non-mine district; 3)The rate of growth of Rhododendron molle at the mine district after 1985 was significantly(P<0.01) lower than that before 1985, while the rate of growth of Cunnlnghamia lanceolata at the non-mine district was no significantly different from before; 4)The mean rate of growth of Pinus massoniana for each year at the non-mine district was significantly(P<0.01) higher than that at the mine district; 5)The mean sensitivity of Pinus massoniana at the mine district was higher than that at the non-mine district. The results above indicated that the exploitation of aluminum mine, the discharging of pollution and correlative human activities had already affected the development of the vegetation in Zenziyan. More attentions should be paid to manage mining area, controll pollution, protect plants, and recruit the degenerating vegetation.

To understanding pollutant variation and conversion, the pollutant contents in soil and crops near ZJ coal-burning power plant in 1988 and in 2002 were studied by sampling in field, with the aim to analyze the impact of pollutants discharged from the coal-burning power plant on land ecological system. The results showed that smoke discharged by the power plant had polluted the land ecological environment. When SO₂, the main pollutant, fell to the ground, soil pH decreased, so the composition of the ions in soil changed. Moreover, some methods to reduce the impact were proposed.

Experiments of Chemical Salfometuron-ethyl to control M. micrantha in Neilingding island, where is seriously endangered by Mikania micrantha H.B.K, had been performed for two years and a half. The results showed that 0.01-0.1 g Salfometuron-ethyl ·m^-2 could kill M. micrantha effectively. The experiment also indicated that Salfometuron-ethyl was safe for most woody plants, herbaceous plants and vine plants and caused no harm to biological diversity in the tested field. Thus, Salfometuron-ethyl is suggested to be the most suitable herbicide to control M. micrantha.

150 tons of sewage of which the COD was usually above 15 000mg·L^-1 was discharged from Lean Swine Breeding Center of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences for one day. Aerobic activated sludge-stabilization pond method was used to treat the sewage from the piggery. The raw sewage flowed through the coarse sieve screen, fine sieve screen, hydrolytic acidulation tank, primary settling tank, aeration tank, final settling tank and stabilization pond. The sludge was transported to the dewatering tank for desiccation. The total area of aerobic activated sludge treatment is about 150m×50m, and the stabilization pond sized 6 000 m². The treated sewage from stabilization pond achieves the Second Class Drainage Standard according to "The National Standard of Wastewater Overall Drainage (GB8978-88)" and can be used to irrigate for rice and other vegetable field directly.

The effect of cadmium on phosphate removal from settled domestic wastewater by Chlorella vulgaris entrapped in cadmium alginate was studied under different light intensities and different pH, and the experiment was employed in laboratory. The result showed that, 1)the effect of cadmium on algal phosphate removal varied from day to day, and peaked in the first day; 2)under some conditions, the content of phosphate removed increased when cadmium was added, however, cadmium inhibited the uptake of phosphate by algae generally; and 3) the treatment of immobilization to algae smoothed the disruption of cadmium. In the next experiment, more attention should be paid to conduct research in the relationship between light intensities/pH and cadmium.

It had been reported that the identification of species was accurate by genomic fingerprinting, so the evolution and identification of a Chinese traditional medicine Cuora trifasciata was studied by 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. The nuclear 18S rRNA gene region of muscles of Cuora trifasciata was amplified by PCR using a consensus primer set, and part of nucleotide was sequenced. The results showed that the length of 18S rRNA gene is 678 bp and GC is more abundance than AT. The application of DNA sequencing technique in the identify of Chinese traditional medicine was discussed.

Because of very thick weathered layer, intensive penetrability and loose structure, abundance of heat and water resources of Hilly Latored Soil Area of South Subtropics in Guangdong may provide an advantage for farming . Two problems related to the soil water for the sustainable development of agriculture in this area, including the very low water infiltration in the wet seasons, resulting in water and soil erosion, and the drought condition in the dry seasons from October to February of next year for the crops with shallow roots. The seasonal fluctuation of water condition is one of the main reasons for the seasonal drought of soil and some shallow-rooted crops. The soil water storage capacity and the available water content are very low, combined with low unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic diffusivity. Some biological or engineering techniques and measurements of regulating and managing soil moisture are proposed to improve soil moisture and prevent or decrease soil evaporation for agriculture sustainable development.

The property of ecology and morphology of plant species in forest communities are basic unit of the structure and function of forest ecosystem. Stand spatial distribution pattern is very important in forest survey and growth model. There are various methods in analyzing population spatial distribution pattern such as Variance/Mean method, point pattern methods and so on .Quadrate method and distance method have the respective advantage and disadvantage. The paper compares the methods and put forward that point processes are good method.

Plant biotechnology developed rapidly, but resulted in extensive discussion of biosafety. The safety of food from transgenic plant and the effect of transgenic plant on ecological systems were the main topics. The impact of transgenic food consists of hypersensitivity and toxicity of crops produced by biotechnology and the safety of antibiotic marker gene. Ecological safety of transgenic plant was concerned in gene drifting, and the resistance of insects to Bt insecticide and the influence on biodiversity. These topics are briefly reviewed in this paper.

The theory and the application of natural ventilation were reviewed. Wind-induced pressure and thermal pressure, are two basic factors contributing to pressure-driving mechanism of wind flow. Wind-induced pressure, which is resulted from the difference of air pressure when wind flow is blocked, is significantly influenced by the shape of building, and it may cause Bernoulli effect and the ventruri effect. Thermal pressure depends on the temperature difference between incoming and exhaust air. Because of thermal pressure, stack effect comes into being when air in the building warms, becomes more buoyant than outside air and rises to escape out of openings. Commonly, the natural ventilation we often refer to is the combined effect of wind-induced pressure and thermal pressure. Several typical cases of the application of natural ventilation are introduced in the paper and some possible problems about natural ventilation are described.

Greening has become one of the important factors to improve urban ecological environment, while urban green land is a necessary part of urban ecosystem, and plays an irreplaceably functional role. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the present situation of Chinese urban greening and some cases of city greening, some strategies and suggestions to improve city ecological environment, raise ecological benefit of urban greening, beautify scenery of city and enrich culture of city are described and proposed in this contribution.

Due to its unusual heteromorphic life cycle, great geographic differences, and minuteness of motile cells, the taxonomy of Phaeocystis was extremely controversial, and the diverse criteria were adopted by different authors. In all 9 species reported today, only two species were recognized by Sournia et al. (1988): one is no colony-forming P.scrobiculata, the other is colony-forming P. pouchetii(here referred as P. pouchetii sensu lato). To avoid the subject, the majority of authors simply followed Sournia's classification. But some authors preferred to divide the P. pouchetii sensu lato into 3 species: P. pouchetii(here referred as P. pouchetii sensu stricto), P. globosa, and P. antarctica. The confusion of taxonomy of Phaeocystis have retarded further studies significantly. New methods are needed to solve the problem.