The species composition of phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria number in the normal shrimp culturing ponds were compared to those in the disease-occurred ponds by trawling method and spread plate method.The results showed that 40 species of phytoplankton in 31 genera were observed,which belonged to Bacillariophyta,Chlorophyta,Cyanophyta,Pyrrophyta,Euglenophyta, Cryptophyta and Xanthophyta;however,only Scenedesmus dimorphus(Turp.) Kutz.and Oscillatoria sp.were observed in the four studied ponds.There were more phytoplankton classes and species in the normal shrimp culturing ponds than the diseased-occurred ponds.The abundances of Cyanophyta species were 6.16% and 9.77% respectively in the two normal shrimp culturing ponds and lower than those in the two disease-occurred ponds(18.85% and 43.38%),while the diversity and evenness indexes of phytoplankton in the two normal shrimp culturing ponds were higher.The similarities of phytoplankton community between different ponds were not related to the occurrence of diseases.The total number of heterotrophic bacteria in the disease-occurred ponds was higher than that in the normal shrimp culturing ponds.

A biological investigation was made in the Beibu Gulf in October 2008.The composition,abundance,and biomass of meiobenthos were analyzed.Totally,there were 14 meiobenthos identified.The results showed that the average abundance of meiobenthos was 399.09±452.20 ind·10cm^-2,and average biomass was 359.56±324.45μg·10cm^-2(dry weight).As to the abundance, free-living marine nematode was the most dominant group,with a relative dominance of 92.69%.Benthic Copepoda and Polychaeta followed,which accounted for 3.28% and 2.47% of total abundance.In terms of biomass,nematode was also the dominant group, accounting for 41.16% of total biomass.Polychaeta and Copepoda occupied 38.34% and 6.67% of total biomass respectively. Meiobenthos abundance was the highest in the coastal area of Qinzhou and Fangchenggang City,and the average abundance was 614.98±799.63 ind·10cm^-2 in this area.The average abundance of meiobenthos was 481.68±240.03 ind·10cm^-2 in the Weizhou Island coastal area,and 278.14±126.38 ind·10cm^-2 in the southern Beihai City coastal area.Average abimdance was the lowest in the contrast coastal area(197.37±116.72 ind·10cm^-2).The biodiversity indexes were analyzed based on the composition and abundance.The Margalefs index ranged from 0.466 to 1.516 in all stations;the Pielou's index ranged form 0.203 to 1.13;the Shannon-Weiner's index ranged from 0.141 to 0.783.The meiobenthos was divided into three different communities in the study area.The ratio of nematode to Copepoda(R value) ranged from 5.02 to 223.83.

We investigated the effects of cadmium(Cd²⁺) with different concentrations on the antioxidant enzyme activity of Tegillarca granosa by setting four Cd²⁺ gradients(0,0.025,0.05,and 0.1 mg/L) and sampling clam tissue at 12,24,48,96 and 144 h.The activities of antioxidant enzymes were investigated,including superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GPX),and glutathione S-transferase(GST) in visceral mass,and gill tissue of T.granosa was as indicator of antioxidant properties.The results showed that SOD activities were significantly higher in the groups with middle(0.05 mg/L) and low(0.025 mg/L) concentrations of Cd²⁺ than those in control group after 12-24 h.However,there was no significant difference between high concentration(0.1 mg/L) and control group.With prolonged exposure time and enhanced Cd²⁺ concentration,significant inhibition was observed between high and middle concentration groups and control group during 48-144 h.The tendency of GPX and GST activity was similar to that of SOD activity,which reached the peak at 12-48 h,and then significantly decreased as compared with control group.Furthermore,CAT enzyme had no significant difference among low,middle and control groups at the 144^th hour.So,it was concluded that Cd²⁺ could damage the antioxidant enzyme system of T.granosa by induction of ROS.

We investigated the effect of simulated sea level rising on the main osmolytes of Hibiscus hamabo Sieb.et Zucc,such as soluble protein,soluble sugar and starch.The results showed that both soluble protein and soluble sugar tended to increase first but decrease later with the prolonged time of flooding,and their changes were similar.The starch increased first and then decreased,while it increased again,showing a curve similar with "N".Through the comparison and analysis of every treatment, we found that H.hamabo Sieb.et Zucc still had stronger resistance in the level of osmolytes under the flooding condition of 45 cm·d^-1 and 6 h·d^-1.The study indicated that under slight flooding stress condition there was a positive correlation between the contents of soluble protein and soluble sugar,and a native correlation between the contents of soluble sugar and starch.It showed that the main osmolytes of H.hamabo Sieb.et Zucc were synergetic under certain extend flooding condition,and the soluble sugar might transform to the starch.

The evaluation index system of seabuckthorn ecosystem services in the soft rock region was constructed by expert advices, frequency analysis and so on.We summarized eight main kinds of evaluation systems which covered 29 indexes,and conducted the indexes classification referring to relevant standards,other vegetation characteristic parameters of ecosystem services,empirical formulas and other methods.Besides,we comprehensively evaluated the ecosystem services of seabuckthorn in the Dalad Banner using analytic hierarchy processing method(AHP)-fuzzy model.The results showed that the overall level of ecosystem services of seabuckthorn was in gradeⅢ.The level of ecosystem services of sand-fixing was in gradeⅡ,but the levels of biodiversity and landscape services were both in gradeⅣ.Our results indicate that the AHP-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is practicable and feasible in studying ecosystem services of seabuckthorn,and it can be widely applied in practice.

An integrated health assessment was performed based on the data from eco-environmental investigations in the Yangmei Delve area in Daya Bay for six times during 2007 to 2009.The results of assessment are as follows.(1) Ecosystem of artificial reef sea area was healthier,with an average integrated health index of 0.794.(2) Marine ecosystem of artificial reef area became much healthier after putting the reefs in the area,with the health indexes of 0.713,0.807,0.830,0.841,0.759,and 0.815 for six investigations.(3)The health indexes in spring and summer were better than those in autumn and winter.(4) The most important factors influencing ecosystem health were total inorganic nitrogen in sea waters and inorganic carbon in sediments.The assessment results should be very important for management,protection and planning of artificial reefs.

We analyzed the effects of land use change on ecosystem service value in the Arhorchin Banner using the land use data of 2000 and 2005,and referring to the table of Chinese land ecosystem service value of unit area which was established by Xie Gaodi etc..The results indicated that from 2000 to 2005,the area of farmland increased 13.39%;the area of forestland decreased 0.43%;the area of grassland decreased 2.29%;the area of water increased 0.86%;the area of wetland decreased 0.64%;the land area of rural-urban,industrial mining and residents increased 12.02%,and the area of unused land decreased 0.25%.The total ecosystem service value in the Arhorchin Banner decreased from 12.87×10⁸ yuan to 12.83×10⁸ yuan during the period of 2000 to 2005,and there was a 0.31% net decrement of 0.04×10⁸ yuan.The decrease of ecosystem service value was caused by the land use change,specifically the great increase of farmland and the decrease of grassland.

Triangular fuzzy number was used to evaluate the ecotourism in Shapotou Nature Reserve.Sixteen indexes,such as terrain, climate,ecological vulnerability,typicality,environmental impact,economic benefits and so on,were selected,covering eco-environment characteristics,resources influence,and socio-economic impact.The results showed that Shapotou Nature Reserve was rich in tourist resources,and it was developed well.Ecotourism development would have positive effects on culture,economics, and supporting infrastructure in the reserve.Triangular fuzzy number method can be used to evaluate the ecotourism in nature reserves, which overcomes the shortcomings of qualitative indicators,such as difficult quantification and poor comparability.It provides a new idea and new way for ecotourism evaluation,and has broad application prospects in ecotourism evaluation.

Land use/cover change(LUCC) is one of key issues of global change research.With the acceleration of urbanization,the study of LUCC spatiotemporal dynamics in rapid urbanization area has gained more attention.In this study,four sets of Landsat TM images(1990/2000/2005/2008) were processed to identify LUCC spatiotemporal dynamics in Panyu District.The results showed that the area of built-up land and water were increased by 182.6 percent(from 8577 ha to 24244 ha) and 39.8 percent(from 11620 ha to 16253 ha) respectively,but the area of cropland was decreased by 44.2 percent(from 41014 ha to 22868 ha) from 1990 to 2008.Additionally,the land use transition matrix showed that a great amount of cropland and vegetation was transformed to build-up land during the periods. The integrated dynamic indexes were conducted to evaluate the intensity of land use change in different periods,and the results showed that land use dynamics was more acute from 2000 to 2008 than before.Furthermore,correlation analysis of land use change and urbanization process was carried out.There was a remarkably negative correlation between the area of cropland and urbanization process, and a positive correlation between the area of urban built-up and urbanization process.Vegetation was decreased first and then increased during the urbanization process.The results demonstrated that urbanization process was the main driving force of land use change,and that policy and economic benefits were important factors for land use change.

The copies of enteric infectious flora and three typical pathogenic bacteria in surface waters were detected continuously for four months by using quantitative PCR(QPCR) method.The results show that in the seriously polluted waters,E.coli is dominant among the enteric infectious flora,and the copies of E.coli are almost the same as enteric infectious flora detected by universal primers.When the copies of enteric infectious flora in water are more than 10⁴ copies·100mL^-1,S.typhrmurium and Shigella flexneri can be detected continuously,which can be considered as one of the indicators of water pathogenic pollution.In the clean and slightly polluted waters,when the copies of enteric infectious flora are less than 10⁴ copies·100mL^-1,the enteric pathogens are mainly other bacteria except the three kinds of typical pathogenic bacteria mentioned above.The copies and detection frequency of the three kinds bacteria have no significant correlation with the enteric infectious flora monitored by universal primers.

The current distributions of three endangered mangrove species Lumnitzera littorea(Jack.) Voigt,Hernandia nymphiifolia (Presl) Kubitzki and Pemphis acidula J R & G Forst in China were investigated in east coast of Hainan Island.There were nine trees of L. Uttorea in the Tielu Bay Sanya,and they were in the old or near old growth forest stage.Only 38 trees distributed in the Lingshui Village, which were severely damaged.L.littorea in the two places could bloom normally,but there were no seedlings.Totally 223 H. nymphiifolia trees distributed naturally in the Qionghai Boao and Tanmen.Five trees naturally distributed in the Wenchang,and four trees were artificially grown in the Dongzhaigang.They could not fruit but flower in these places.There were totally 23 trees of P. acidula in the Huiwen Wenchang,and they could flower and fruit.The seeds could germinate,but were difficult to grow.The results are useful in making appropriate protection and restoration measures.

The irradiation damage of Chinemys reevesii's brain cells were studied by transmission electron microscope and flow cytometry on the basis of cell culture.Under the transmission electron microscope,the unirradiated brain cells were difform and had prominency spread.The karyons were geometry shape or elliptic.The nucleolus and the gap of peri-nucleus were clear.The stroma electronic density was uniform and the structure of inner crista was clear in mitochondrion.The endoplasmic reticulum was eidetic.The cytoplasm was uniform and many glycogen particles appeared in cytoplasm.When the brain cells were irradiated,the fragments were increased outside the cells.The visible sublobe appeared in karyon,and the nuclear fragment was seen.The chromatin was pycnosis and focused in nuclear fringe.The vacuolizations were seen in mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum and partial cytoplasm.The apoptosis body appeared.The detected result of flow cytometry showed that the great mass of cells in unirradiated group and in irradiated group were in G₀/G₁ stage,which took up 61.9% and 59.7% respectively of the total of detected cells.Ahead the major peak,the peak of apoptosis appeared in the irradiated group cells.In the G₂/M stage,the cell numbers of the irradiated group were fewer than those of the unirradiated group.The results showed that the apoptosis occurred in C.reevesii's brain cells when the cells were irradiated.

In this study,sugarcane bagasse(SB) which was modified by tetraethylenepentamine(TEPA) to obtain its modified derivatives(MSB),was employed as novel bioadsorbent to deal with printing and dyeing wastewater.MSB had excellent absorbability toward organic dye eosin and heavy metal ions Cu²⁺ and Cr³⁺.The factors affecting adsorption efficiency,such as pH, temperature and concentration,were investigated.The results showed that when the pH value of solution was six,the adsorption amount of MSB toward organic dye eosin increased 18 times than that of SB,and adsorption capacity toward heavy metal ions(Cu²⁺ and Cr³⁺) was also much stronger than that of SB.The adsorption process of eosin could be better simulated by Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm.MSB had its maximum capacity toward eosin at 25℃,which reached 399.04 mg/g.The results show that the adsorption behavior of eosin by MSB is much better adapted to the Pseudo-dynamic model of the secondary adsorption.A conclusion can be drawn that MSB is a kind of efficient bioadsorbent for treatment of organic dyeing and electroplating wastewater.

A constructed wetlands research was conducted to reduce nutrient loads to the eutrophic lake in Beijing Wildlife Rescue Center based on the combination of surface flow constructed wetland(SFCW) and subsurface flow constructed wetland (SSFCW).The purification effects of wetlands on total phosphorus(TP),total nitrogen(TN),turbidity,and chemical oxygen demand(CODcr) were studied.The results indicated that the removal rates of TP,TN,turbidity,and CODcr by SFCW were 68%, 31%,93%,and 55%;the removal rates by SSFCW were 75%,67%,55%,and 50%;the removal rates by CW were 80%,50%, 95%,and 90%,respectively.The different types of wetlands had no significant differences in the removal contents of TP and TN, or removal rate of TN(P>0.05),but had significant differences in the removal rate of TP,turbidity,and removal content and removal rate of CODcr(P<0.05).The relationships of the concentrations of TP,TN,and CODcr between the influents and effluents have been proposed.The Pearson's correlation coefficients were 0.948,0.994,0.952,0.948,0.995,and 0.958,as well as 0.963,0.990,and 0.927.The turbidities between influents and effluents in CW were consistent with the law of polynomial equation,and the Pearson's correlation coefficients were 0.523(R²=0.451,P>0.05),0.854(R²=0.8756,P<0.05),and 0.086 (R²=0.197,P>0.05).

Marine ecosystem plays important roles in ecology,but now it has been severely destroyed by human beings.Occurrence of harmful algal blooms(HABs) is an indicator of marine ecosystem imbalance.Human-induced impacts on ocean ecosystem and HABs outbreaks are briefly discussed.Moreover,this review mainly summarizes environmental factors regulating HABs triggering and vanishing processes.Finally,it highlights the need for interdisciplinary research in the management and control of HABs.Corresponding countermeasures have also been suggested.

During 1949～1979,the contradiction between population and resource of China was from the foods.Under the curse of Malthus during the periods we considered the whole country was in the trap of Malthus because both the population and production of foods increased,while the average levels of food decreased.The periods during the trap of Malthus began from 1958 and ended in 1979,and the lowest was in 1960.Because of the pressure from foods,the four policies of household registration system,coupons system(including the food coupons and food cards system),up to the mountains and down to the villages,and family planning were carried out one by one.With the total age-specific fertility rate(TAFR or TFR) population model P_n=(TFR/2)P_n-1,we calculated the reduced population if there had been not the four government intervention policies. Given the "TFR=6.0" from 1949,the population would have been 14.58 billion,about 13.252 billion more than the actual population 1.328 billion of 2008;given the "TFR=5.0",the population would have been 8.4375 billion,about 7.1095 billion more than the actual population of 1.328 billion;given the "TFR=4.0",the population would have been 4.32 billion,about 2.992 billion more than the actual population;given the "TFR=3.0",the population would have been 1.8225 billion,about 0.4945 billion more than the actual population of 1.328 billion.It was proved that the four policies of government intervention in China were successful and effective.