The conflicts between land use and ecosystem protection influenced the landcover change of Wolong Nature Reserve and its surrounding area. In order to examine the impacts of human activities on the land use/cover change of Wolong area, the landuse changes in recent 10 years are compared within watersheds. The results showed that the trends of the landuse change were different in the two watersheds and their subareas, details were as follow. 1) The total area of woods increased slightly in Shouxi and Yuzixi, while in Shouxi, the fragment degree of woods increased significantly and much higher than Yuzixi. The area of shrubs increased inYuzixi but decreased in Shouxi. 2) Subarea comparsion research showed the area increase of woods occurred outside of the nature reserve in Shouxi and inside in Yuzixi. The area decrease of grassland occurred inside the nature reserve in the two watersheds. 3) The trends of collective land use change rate in the two watersheds are converse with the buffer expanding. 4) The different transition probabilities of landuse change resulted in different transition directions in the two watersheds. According to the Markov model, the increase of woodland and shrubs and the decrease of grassland area will maintain in Shouxi in the next 10years. So do the increase of woodland and the decrease of farmland and shrubs in Yuzixi.

Because of the multiplicity in spatial pattern and ecological processes, scale plays an important role to understanding the pattern-process interactions and, indeed, becomes one of the corner-stone in landscape ecology. Based on the research of Shanghai city, this paper studies the pattern characteritics at different grains by using the methods of landscape ecology; and the semi-variogram is used to analyze the pattern characters at different extents. The results of analysis indicate:(1)Ddifferent landscape indices responds dissimilarly to the changes of grains(.2)Spatial variation of landscape diversity shows the most complexity at the smallest extent(.3)The response of landscape indices and SHDI semi-variance to scale is respective. So landscape spatial pattern has scale dependency.

Patch size is a main parameter of landscapecharacter study. It can affect species dynamics、potential habit、potential forest productor(timber)、energy、nutrient、stream and other parameters. In this study, the beach land in fuyang was divided into 6 groups and 81 types which were further classified as low level patch(corresponded based types) or high level patch(corresponded main types). Maximum likehood estimate method was applied in this study. The results showed that low level patch had the higher homogenous, while high level patch had lower homogenous nature. The distribution of the patch size in these two patch levels is obviously trended right. Only a few distributions of type patch size was complied with negative exponent distribution, while the major was complied with log normal distribution. The results provided an idea for the stability and protection of community and ecology system in patches.

A plot(100m×100m)was set up in the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Nanling Dadingshan Nature Reserve for long-term monitoring of the plant biodiversity. On the basis of investigation to each, this study examined the physiognomy, structure, florists, species diversity of the community for all plants with DBH>1 cm, and all shrub and herbs in 25 auadrates(5m^*5m) within the plot. The results showed that the forest have characteristics of rich in species of Lauraceae and Fagaceae. and should be named of "Machilus chinensis、Cryptocarya chingii and Meliosma thorelii community". There are rich species diversity in the community, especially for the tree layer(DBH>1cm). Results further suggests that, the community has high conservation values and should be studied for the mechanism of rich species biodiversity.

The effects of the integrated rice-duck farming system(IRDFS) was studied with a control treatment of conventional rice monoculture system(CRMS). The experimental data showed that the everyday activities of ducks in IRDFS could affect the growth of rice. Compared with the CRMS, the height, leaf area index and biomass of rice in IRDFS decreased and there was a significant difference during the tillering and heading stage. But root/shoot ratio, root activity were higher in IRDFS than those in CRMS because of stimulation of ducks in the paddy field. There were significant differences for root/shoot ratio during the heading stage and for root activity during the tillering stage. Total root length of rice showed no signficant change trend. There was not a significant difference in root surface area of rice by comparing with the control treatment.

In order to investigate the status of algae pollution of municipal water, samples from the source water and the main treatment processes of drinking water in a city were examined. 72 species were identified in various samples. Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were the dominant groups. Species that have the potential to produce toxins including those in genus Microcystis, Oscillatoria and Anabaena were examined. The cell density of Microcystis was 1.9×10⁶ cell·L^-1 in the source water, after treatment, algal density was 2.8×10⁶ cell·L^-1 in the source water and 4.8×10⁴ cell·L^-1 in the tap respectively. The total algae removal rate was 98.3%, and removal rate by the filter was 82.7%, but the Cyanobacteria removal rate by the filter was only 11.8%. The results also showed that the water source was contaminated with algal toxins. It is difficult to effectively remove the toxic Cyanobacteria with the existing filter. A suggestion to optimize the filtering technology, is suggestted based on the distribution of the local algae.

The estimation of internal radiation dose is very important in radiation protection. It is necessary to provide an method to assess the effects of internal exposure dose on the local residents due to the absorption of this marine biota in Daya Bay. Base on the numerical simulation of tide pollution diffusing, a internal exposure dose rate assessing model is providedto estimate the radiation dose rate by the absorption of marine biota in Daya Bay. The result showed that internal radiation dose for each person is between 10^-6~10^-9Sv per year. and it was less than the natural background radiometric radiation level.

Using field and laboratory approaches, the water quality and biodiversity of plankton of in upper reaches, middle reaches, and lower reaches in the river taken as sources of water in scenic spots southwest of Yingde, China were investigated, with the aim to evaluate the spatial properties of hydro-ecological factors and the relationships between chemical parameters and plankton dynamics in different sections of the river. The concentations of phosphate, total phosphorus, nitrite, ammonia, nitrate, total inorganic nitrogen, and total nitrogen, heavy metals of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc, and trace elements of calcium, cobalt, chromium, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and selenium were measured, Population densities, species composition, and biodiversity index of phytoplankton and zooplankton were also examined. The levels of nitrite, ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, copper, and zinc in all sections of the river were within the environmental quality standard of surface water or sanitary standard for drinking water, but those of aluminum, calcium, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, and selenium in all sections of the river and those of total phosphorus, arsenic, magnesium, and manganese in some sections of the river exceeded the standards. Copepods were the dominant zooplankton in all sections of the river. The highest population density of zooplankton was in the section of Tongtianyan, the upper river reach, and the lowest biodiversity index of zooplankton was in the section of Biluohu, the lower river reach. 68 species of phytoplankton were found in the river, most of them inhabiting in the section of Biluohu. Population densities of chlorophyte, cyanophyte, and diatom were the lowest in the section of Biluodong, the middle river reach, those of chlorophyte and dinoflagellate were highest in the section of Tongtianyan, and those of cyanophyte and diatom were highest in the section of Biluohu. Along to the spatial trend from the upper reaches to the lower reaches, the concentrations of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, aluminum, and calcium and Shannon-Weaver biodiversity index of zooplankton increased, but the contents of manganese and nickel decreased. The relationships between chemical parameters and plankton were addressed. Results suggested that the water in the river studied should not be drunk directly, but it could be taken as the water in the landscape that should not be touched by people. This paper improved our understanding of the ecological structure and function of water-sources rivers in landscape, and can provide basic information for further managements of this ecosystem.

To obtain hybridoma cell line which can secrete anti-gonyautoxin 2,3(GTX2,3) monoclonal antibodies(mAb), the immunogen(GTX2,3-BSA) and solid phase immunogen(GTX2,3-KLH) were prepared by the method of aldehyde conjugation, in which GTX 2,3 was conjugated with BSA and KLH respectively. The spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with GTX2,3-BSA were fused with murine Sp2/0 myeloma cells in PEG4000. The specific hybridoma cells and the ascites were analyzed by ELISA. Three specific hybridoma cell lines which can secrete anti-GTX 2,3 mAb were obtained. The titer of the mAb in the ascites was about 1.4×10^-5. The specific anti-GTX2,3 mAb can be obtained from hybridoma successfully, which can used to detect the PSP from seafood.

Four different cell broken methods were compared to find out the best extraction method of carotenoid pigment from Rhodoplanes elegans. The results showed that the output of carotenoid pigment was in accordance with the growth curve of the strain; the content of carotenoid pigment tended to be constant after culturing the activated strain for 45h; the best extraction method was that the cells obtained as above were broken by ultrasonic at 640W for 10 min. The extracting ratio of carotenoid pigment is 19.5 mg per gram dry cells; the acid-heated method would destroy the pigment. This study may provide some theoretic basis to further explore the natural pigment resource.

In this paper,domestic wastewater treatment is investigated using enhancing coagulation process with the blends of diatomite and coagulants(CDGC). Blends that consisted of the diatomites and coagulants were used to treat domestic sewage. The results indicate that the blends could enhance coagulation process and the efficiency of domestic sewage. The ratios of AlCl₃ or FeSO₄, and macromolecular coagulants to diatomites in blends is 1:9, 1:11, and 1:9, respectively.

The complete cytochrome b gene sequences of the large yellow croaker and the small yellow croaker were obtained and analyzed for the nucleotide compositions and the nucleotide pair frequencies. The contents of T、C、A、G、A+T were 28.4%/26.7%、33.0%/34.1%、23.2%/23.8%、15.4%/15.4% 、51.6%/50.5% in the cytb gene sequences of the large/small yellow croakers. Both gene sequences of these two species show similar traits in the nucleotide compositions and the nucleotide pair frequencies. The first codon positions showed no bias to any of the four nucleotides as a whole, while the second and third positions were rich in T and C respectively. 126 nucleotide sites were substituted and sequences similarity was merely 88.95% between these two sequences. The ratio of transitional to transversional substitution was 3.1 with the transitional rate between pyrimidines(C and T) being higher than that between purines(A and G). Most of the base substitutions occurred at the third loci of the codons.

The paper discussed the effects of the dosage of activated carbon, pH value, the adsorption time and other factors on the adsorption capacity of COD_Cr and the removal rate when using high-specific area activated carbon to adsorb COD_Cr in wastewater. The result showed the dosage of HSAAC has a positive relationship with effect of the removal rate of COD_Cr. When the dosage of HSAAC was 2.0 g·L^-1 and pH was 3, the removal rate was above 80%. Under the acidity condition, the treatment showed a better effect. COD_Cr in wastewater adsorbed by HSAAC mainly took place during the first 30 minutes. When the concentration of COD_Cr in wastewater was lower than 60 mg·L^-1, after the treatment, the residual quality concentration of COD_Cr adsorption performance was lower than the First Class of the National Standard of the Surface Water of Environmental Quality(15mg·L^-1). When HSAAC was regenerated with alkali, the regenerated rate for the first time was 94.22%, and for the second time was 86.9%. Overall, the high-specific surface area activated carbon has excellent adsorption performance and can easily be regenerated under the suitable conditions.

Two individual PC-IGS(Phycocyanin Intergenic Spacer) sequences are determined for the freshwater Microcystis sp. which are numbered 003 and 004 respectively in this study, and two 608bp fragments are acquired. PC-IGS sequences of Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz(NCBI Accession No:AJ003179) and M. wesenbergii(NCBI Accession No:AF385391) are downloaded from the GenBank. Softwares MEGA3 and ClustalX(Version 1.83) are used to analyze these four PC-IGS sequences. The base composition of these four strains are 50.5% for 003, 51.7% for 004, 50.7% for M. aeruginosa Kütz and 52.3% for M. wesenbergii, respectively. The difference of base composition of these four strains ranges from 0.2%~1.8%, which suggests the comparison of base composition is not accurate enough to distinguish the relationship among them. And the result of sequence alignment shows the sequence identity between strain 003 and M. aerginosa Kütz, M. wesenbergii is 100% and 88.35% respectively. And the sequence identity between strain 004 and M. aerginosa Kütz, M. wesenbergii is 95.13% and 89.04% respectively. The possibility of using the PC-IGS sequence as the molecular identifier in the classification of the Microcystis. sp is also discussed.

Microorganism QK-1 was immobilized on wood crumbs and the effect of crude oil removal from aqueous solution by the immobilized QK-1 was tested. The removal rate of the crude oil by the immobilized QK-1 was higher than that by only QK-1 or the mixture of QK-1 and wood crumbs. The removal rate was 75.5~94.3% when the crude oil concentration was 10.0~30.0 g·L^-1, and the optimum strain dosage was 15.0 g·L^-1(dry weight). The results indicated that the culture medium was a crucial factor in oil removal, especially carbon and nitrogen contents. The optimum composition of immobilized culture medium was as follows:sucrose, 10.0 g·L^-1; barmene, 6.0 g·L^-1; yeast extract, 1.5 g·L^-1; pH 8.0.

The effect of species diversity on temporal variability of ecosystem function has recently emerged as a topic of considerable ecological interests due to the increadsing species extinction in recent decades. In this paper, the theoretical and empirical studies on the relationships and underlying mechanisms between species diversity and temporal variability in community structure were reviewed. First, Theoretical studies predict that community variability should decline with increasing species diversity, and the underlying mechanisms include:sampling effect, resource-use segregation effect, statistical averaging effect, insurance effect, evenness effect in population variability. Many, but not all, empirical studies support these expectations. However, there are no clear interpretations to the differences of conclusions about diversity-variability relationship drawn from each experiment. Second, studies that test the effect of species diversity on temporal variability in population property were also summarized. Theoretical studies suggest that the relationship between species diversity and population variability depends primarily on the mean-variance rescaling coefficient Z; in most natural communities, population variability should theoretically increase with species diversity;However, some studies show that species diversity has stable effect on population level of individual component species in varied environment. But empirical studies still cannot show a clear pattern of the effect species diversity on population variability. Last, we discussed several aspects of the disadvantages that exist in current theoretical and empirical studies and hope that this paper could be a synthetically consultation to further researches.

The viral disease penaid shrimp have caused severe damage to shrimp culture worldwidely. This study summarized the research advances in viral diseases of penaeid shrimp, especially describes the characteristics, clinical signs, pathogenies, host range and diagnostic techniques of fifteen viral diseases of penaeid shrimp, which belong to seven families respectively; introduces the transmission and prevention of the viral diseases and some problem in the research of viral diseases of penaeid shrimp.

Eyeflukes of the genus Diplostomum are the common parasite of freshwater fishes,and these parasites are widely distributed in the world such as Europe, Asia and North American. The life cycle of Diplostomum is a complicated process including Egg, Miracidium, Sporocyst, Cercaria, Metacercaria and Adult. The eyeflukes the genus Diplostomum invade and establish three distinct host species that were the first intermediate host snails, the second intermediate host fish, the definitive host gull, respectively. In natural water, particularly in aquacultural farms operating intensive monoculture systems, these parasites can be significant pathogens causing a range of disease symptoms, which may lead to high of fish mortality. The aspects of the taxology, life-cycle, epidemiology and pathogenesis of Diplostomum, as well as the advance studies of Diplostomum were discussed in this paper.

Agricultural non-point source(AGNPS) pollution in surface and ground water by nutrients and pesticides has been identified as a major problem since the 1960s. AGNPS is the most important non-point source pollution, which is a significant contributor to eutrophication in aquatic systems. It is more difficult to control AGNPS than point source pollution because of the difficulty and expense of identifying and controlling discharges from no-point sources. Best management practices(BMPs) have been used for AGNPS control for two decades, and they have been designed primarily to control soil erosion. However, BMPs have been widely used in AGNPS control at present. BMPs influence two stages of AGNPS process by reducing the transport and the amount of potentially transportable pollutants. BMPs are the comprehensive practices which integrate with structural practices, cultural practices and management practices. Structural practices include terraces, hillside ditches, grass waterways and vegetable filter strips, constructed wetlands, irrigation systems etc, and their impact is primarily to reduce run-off through increased infiltration. Cultural practices involve conservation tillage, contour cropping and crop rotation to protect the soil surface and reduce erosion. And management practices are consisted of integrated pest management, integrated fertility management and irrigation management, they primarily affect the source of a potential contaminant by increasing usage efficiency. The developing tendency and prospect of BMPs is also discussed.

This paper reviewed the physical, chemical and biological methods applied to polluted river treatment. Physical methods include water transfer, sediment dredging and disposal. However, these are only the temporary solutions. Chemical methods, such as coagulating sedimentation, can cause secondary pollution. Ecological-biological methods can have better ecological effect due to the biological purification process. These methods include aeration, biological membrane and bioremediation, etc. Furthermore, other new techniques were also introduced, such as suspended filler moving bed, eco-purification system with aeration and land treatment, etc. It is indicated that the characteristic of combined techniques are multifunctional and high efficient.

This review discussed the spreading process of emergy concepts, founded by H.T.Odum and the emergy research in China from 1990. Spreading of emergy concepts and methods in China began with H.T.Odum's second trip to China in 1990. From Aug.1 1990 to Aug.21 1990, H.T.Odum visited Taipei, Guangzhou, Beijing and Shenyang, where he gave lectures on emergy with the titles of "Self-organization & System Ecology" and "Emergy Analysis & Environment Evaluation". Since 1990, studies on emergy have been done for more than ten years at universities and research institutes in many cities such as Guangzhou, Beijing, Nanjing and Foshan. Emergy theory has been applied to many fields, including area emergy evaluation for eco-economic system of country, province, city and natural protection area; emergy evaluation of agroecosystem, urban ecosystem, environment and resources, waste treatment, eco-engineering and industry. More than 60 papers written in Chinese or English on emergy have been issued. 3 books about emergy written by H.T.Odum have been translated into Chinese. Emergy concepts, theory and methods have been quoted by 10 books in Chinese. 2 books on emergy were published in China.The research works in emergy analysis were supported by the NNSF(National Natural Science Foundation)of China and other Foundations. Some of the projects have been finished and the others are still ongoing. Emergy theory and method have been accepted by Chinese ecologists in China, but there are still some problems in applying them. Chinese ecologists will have to work hard in emergy evaluation and hope to make greater progress.

The eutrophication situation of Lakes is very severe all over the world. Recently, a bioremediation technology(biomanipulation) was developed and hoped to solve the problem. Biomanipulation aimed to manipulating the food web to improve water quality and reduce algae, etc. The review introduced advances on biomanipulation in control of eutrophic lakes, and explained the function of piscivores, planktivore, zooplankton, submerged macrophyte and bacteria in eutrophic aquatic ecosystem. Aimed at great different results of biomanipulation applications at present, some suggestions were also put forward for the work of our country in this field,such as eutrophic lake must be dealt with a kind of measure and combinated techniques according to one's own characteristic, etc.