The community biomass and its allocations in each of the DBH class in tree layer of five forest types,including Pinus massoniana forest(PM),Pine and broad-leaved mixed forest(PBM),Subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest(SSEB),Ravine evergreen broad-leaved forest(REB) and Montane evergreen broad-leaved forest(MTEB),were studied in Dinghushan Nature Reserve(DNR).Based on biomass regression model,community biomass was estimated by measuring all trees with DBH≥1cm.The results showed that standing biomass density in REB,MTEB,SSEB,PBM and PM in the latest investigations were 472.9 t.hm^-2,165.1 t.hm^-2,290.4 t.hm^-2,164.1t.hm^-2 and 22.5 t.hm^-2,respectively.The allocation of community biomass in each DBH class in the different forest investigation presented three distribution trends,which were the decreasing distribution,the inverse bell distribution and increasing distribution.The characteristics of biomass allocation in each DBH class in DNR were similar to those in other regions.

The Nitraria tangutorum shrub islands,which locate on the ecotone between the bank of Yellow River and the Kubuqi Desert,were degraded to a certain extent because of various damages.The degree of this fragmentation can be indicated by their spatial pattern.We used TTLQV,3TLQV,tQV,wavelets,fractal dimension,spectral analysis and lacunarity analysis to analyze the spatial pattern of the Nitraria tangutorum shrub islands in north of Ordos Pleateu.Our goal was to choose the best method to analyze the spatial pattern of Nitraria tangutorum shrub islands in arid and simi-arid region and to determine the scale of the Nitraria tangutorum shrub islands in our study area,and then to provide scientific information for protection of Nitraria tangutorum shrub islands.After analyzing the continuous quadrat data by different methods,we can get the following results: 1) The scale value analyzed by TTLQV was too big and was too small by wavelets analysis,and the trend of the results analyzed by fractal dimension was not clear except too small.So TTLQV,wavelets and fractal dimension were not fit to analyze the spatial pattern of the shrub islands in arid and semi-arid region.2) The results analyzed by 3TLQV,tQV,spectral analysis and lacunarity analysis were ideal,and the order of the scale value from these methods was: 3TLQV> tQV> lacunarity analysis > spectral analysis.3) Integrating the valid analysis methods,the scale of the spatial pattern of the Nitraria tangutorum shrub islands in Duguitala,Huhemudu and Balagong were about 16.7-27.1 m,10.2-25.0 m and 8.8-17.0 m respectively.The results will help to determine the study range and the scale of the Nitraria tangutorum shrub islands in future.

Based on RS and GIS technology,incorporating topographic maps and Landsat MSS and TM data,the dynamic characteristics of landscape patterns were analyzed in Huanan County,Sanjiang Plain from 1954 to 2005.In addition,driving forces affecting these changes were also explored.Results showed that,during the past 50 years,landscape patterns have undergone significant changes.Cropland and woodland are the two biggest landscape types.After 1986,cropland have become the biggest landscape type of the study area.During the period 1954~1976,cropland increased fast,mainly converted from grassland and swampland.From 1976 to 1986,lots of swampland and woodland were transformed into cropland.Changing trend of landscape area was lessened.Landscape indices changed remarkably in the past decades.Large-scale agricultural development was responsible for changes of landscape indices.Climate warming and increase of human activities affected regional landscape patterns.

The periphyton community structure in the source of Fenhe River,North China was investigated.The results showed that there were 47 species and 24 genera in this area.They were belonging to 5 phyla,including Cyanophyta,Rhodophyta,Xanthophyta,Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta.There were 5 types of periphyton community in the source of Fenhe River,namely Oscillatoria community,Cladophora community,Vaucheria community,Spirogyra-Zygnema community and Batrachospermum community.The composition,diversity and structure characters of periphyton were studied in this area.The relationships of the altitude,velocity and the number of the periphyton were also analyzed.The outcome indicated that the number of periphyton was negatively correlated with velocity,but has no relationship with altitude.The results also suggested the species of periphyton and the characteristic of community and could provide the basic information for environmental protection.

Effects of fish cage culture on plankton biodiversities and water quality were studied at five sampling stations(Ⅰ-Ⅴ) in the summer of Jiantiao at Sanmen Bay.29 species of plankton were found,among which 14 species were phytoplankton and 15 species were zooplankton.The dominant species of phytoplankton and zooplankton were Skeletonema costatum and Acartia pacifica,respectively.The average density of phytoplankton and phytoplankton Shannon-Weiner biodiversity index in the surface water layer were 43 328 ind·L^-1 and 0.826,respectively.The average density of zooplankton and zooplankton Shannon-Weiner biodiversity index in the whole water layer were 389 ind.m^-3 and 2.964.The result of regression analysis showed that the density of phytoplankton increased rapidly,which was caused by high concentrations of DIN,DIP in the fish cage culture region,and biodiversity index of zooplankton also increased with increase of DIN and DIP.Biodiversity index of phytoplankton had a positive linear relationship with water body E value,and there was a significant positive linear relationship(R²=0.781,p<0.05) between biodiversity index of zooplankton and water body E value.

With a unique geological history,complex land surface,climatic zones,various soil types,and different wild vegetations etc,Tibet is a typical area of vertical agricultural ecosystem.This unique and complex growing environment leads Tibetan wild rapeseeds have high genetic diversity.According to plant population modular theory and using large sampling,silique population statistical growth analysis was carried out on the branches of wild Brassica campestris and B.juncea in Tibet.The results showed that for both species the silique population of wild rapeseeds showed the same power function regulation of growth and change including convergent development and growth processes,convergent biomass growth patterns,convergent growth modulation and biomass allocation strategies,and convergent silique growth processes.

From September 2005 to October 2005,researches of water quality improvement and the algal control by biological methods were studied in three enclosures(area: 49m²;depth:1.5m) at Lianhua Lake.The 1# enclosure was the control,the 2# enclosure was treated with Wolffia arrhiza,the 3# enclosure was treated with Schizosaccharomyces sp and Rhodospirillum sp.The amount of Wolffia arrhiza was 300L×5×103L^-1 in 2# enclosure,and the amount of Schizosaccharomyces(300L×4×10⁵L^-1) and Rhodospirillum(300L×8×10⁸L^-1) was in 3# enclosure.Aerf thirty days,compared to the control enclosure,TP declined to 40% and 16%;the chla content reduced 51% and 31%;transparency increased to 87 cm and 55 cm;pH decreased 1.09 and 0.69 in the 2# and 3# enclosure,respectively.The results showed that the water quality can be improved and the growth of algae was inhibited by Wolffia arrhiza,Schizosaccharomyces and Rhodospirillum.

Chaetoceros curvisetus,which is a red-tide alga,was cultured with f/2 culture medium,and studied at two salinity levels(25 and 30),four temperature levels(15℃,2 0℃,2 5℃ and 30 ℃),three light intensity levels(29.3 μE·m^-2·s^-1,78.12 μE·m^-2·s^-1 and 126.95 μE·m^-2·s^-1),and three pH levels(7.0,7.5 and 8.3).The specific growth rates of Chaetoceros curvisetus in exponential growth phase under different culture conditions were also calculated,to address the effects of environmental factors,such as temperature,light intensity,salinity and pH on the growth of Chaetoceros curvisetus..Moreover,an interaction test between the light intensity and the salinity was studied at three light intensity levels(29.3 μE·m^-2·s^-1,78.12 μE·m^-2·s^-1 and 126.95 μE·m^-2·s^-1) and two salinity levels(25 and 30).The results showed that the best growth condition was at 20℃,78.12 μE·m^-2·s^-1 of illumination,0 of salinity and 8.3 of pH,for the maximum specific growth rate and the cell density were highest in this condition;the effect of temperature on algal growth was more significant than that of salinity,light intensity and pH,and the algal growth was restrained by other environmental factors referred in this experiment.

In this paper,the alpine grassland carbon density and carbon reserve in northern Tibet was calculated by field investigation and reference review.The results showed that,1) The total area of alpine grassland in northern Tibet was about 39.059×106 hm²,The carbon density of aboveground and belowground vegetation were 12.158±4.7 g·m^-2 and 84.458±20.38 g·m^-2,the carbon reserve of aboveground and belowground vegetation were 5.171±0.95 Tg and 25.223±2.96 Tg,the total carbon reserve of alpine grassland was 30.394±3.91 Tg.2)These distributions were different in different grassland groups,the lowest carbon density was Gramineae group and its carbon density of aboveground and belowground vegetation were 6.13±1.51 g·m^-2 and 26.04±5.8 g·m^-2,the highest aboveground and belowground vegetation carbon density was shrub with hypo-shrub group were 31±3.4 g·m^-2 and 244.59±6.9 g·m^-2.The highest aboveground and belowground vegetation carbon reserve was Cyperaceae and the amount were 2.24±0.32 Tg and 9.52±0.89 Tg,the lowest carbon reserve was hypo-shrub and were 0.012 4±0.002 Tg and 0.098 1±0.002 Tg.3)this diversity was also observed in all of counties and boroughs,higher carbon density counties were Geji,Zhada,Geer,Cuoqin,the vegetation carbon density respective was 1.76,1.47,1.11 and 1.06 times in average northern Tibet carbon density,and the carbon reserve concentrate in Shuanghu,Zhada,Nima,Ritu,Geji,Gaize,in this area total carbon reserve was 25.2±2.31 Tg,which consists about 82.95 of carbon reserve in Northern Tibet.

Community structure,plant species diversity and productivity of wetland vegetation community were studied in the Bayinbuluke swan conservation region,Xinjiang.The results showed that wetland vegetation is composed of aquatic plants and wetland plants,the number of plant species of cyperacese are more than others families.Simpson index of aquatic swamp is higher than mound swamp.Important value decreased in the order of Carex melanantha,Carex microglochn,Kobresia,filifola,Carex,vesicular,Pedicular,albevti,Triglochin,plustre,Primulasibirica,Average productivity of wet grass of mound swamp is 571.5 g·m^-2,and wet grass of aquatic swamp is 646.2g·m^-2.Below ground Biomass is 13608.8g·m^-2,which is mostly distributed in the 0～10 cm depth of the soil.The cover rate of aquatic meadow is 100%,and the number of species is between 8 and 11 for community of aquatic meadow.

Landscape gradient characteristics was analyzed quantitatively based on GIS approach for LuoGang section of Guangzhou.The following conclusion was drawn: First,forest landscape is still dominated by covering 53% of total area,while Planned urban area consisted 2.57% of the area,which represented an unstable landscape pattern;Second,The urbanization center and frontier could be identified precisely with class-level landscape indices.Different landscape types exhibited distinctive spatial signatures along the Gradient’s part;Third,landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity induced by the urbanization could be quantified by landscape-level indices,Furthermore the shapes of landscape becomes more and more complicated,landscape tended to become more diverse.

The disease caused by Trichodina spp.is the most common protozoa parasite disease in aquaculture.This study investigated the percentage of all kinds of white blood cells of hybrid tilapia(Oreochromis aureus×Oreochromis niloticus) with infection and non-infection of Trichodina spp..The results showed that the percentages of lymphocytes and neutrophils in the blood of infected tilapia were signifcantly higher than those in the non-infected fish.But the percentage of monocytes in the blood of non-infected tilapia was much lower than that in the infected ones.These results suggested that lymphocyte and neutrophil can resist Trichodina spp.infection;and the monocyte also has some resistance effect on Trichodina spp..The study suggested that the cellular immunity of tilapia was significantly increased when the fish were infected by Trichodina spp.

The application of canal reactor with bio-membrane to sewage treatment was studied in this paper.This method combined the advantage of activated sludge process and biomembrane process,which could dispose the municipal sewage efficiently without secondary sedimentation tank in the device.The concentration of COD_Cr and NH₃-N were measured in experiment,meanwhile,the effect of different HRT and influent loads on removal efficiency was analyzed.The results showed that the removal efficiency of COD_Cr and NH₃-N increased with the increasing HRT,and decreased with the increasing influent loads under certain experiment condition.The removal efficiency of pollutants was relatively high(COD_Cr 71%,NH₃-N 36%) when COD_Cr and NH₃-N concentration were 100 mg·L^-1 and 15 mg·L^-1 respectively,while water temperature was 25℃ and the flow was 0.6 L·min^-1.Under this situation,the effluent was more satisfactory,which could reach the water standard of view,amusement,cooling water and so on.

Remote sensing has become one of the most important tools to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms(HABs) events in coastal waters.This paper reviews the recent progress on satellite remote sensing techniques for HAB detection and monitoring,especially the hyperspectral remote sensing.Because the signals detected by the satellite sensors can be significantly affected by atmospheric attenuation or clouds,the atmospheric correction is necessary.In atmospheric correction process,the water-leaving irradiance(Lw) was derived and atmosphere and ocean surface effects were removed.At the same time,the oceanographic studies of HAB were conducted.The authors suggest that the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) data provide an unprecedented tool for researchers and managers to study and monitor HAB in coastal environments.Finally,three key points for developing the application are proposed,(1) assimilating multi-sources remote sensing data,including microwave data and multi-temporal optical data,(2) combining Geographic Information System techniques to HAB monitoring,and(3) enhancing the research for HAB early warning.

This article reviewed the latest progress on mathematical modeling of allelopathy,which includes mathematical description of allelopathic hormesis,modeling density dependent allelochemical interference,residue allelopathy,dynamics of allelochemicals from living plants in environment and its association with plant-insects-natural enemy tritrophic interactions.Particular,this review article paid attention on the pioneering models of allelopathy modeling,ie.An-Hormesis model,An-Residue model,and An-Liu-Johnson-Lovett model,and on their implications for future research in this field.

By using the guidelines for Protected Areas Management Categories of IUCN and based on the investigating results of the questionnaires and on field investigation for the sustainable development of forestry nature reserves,statistics and analyses were made on the present status of construction and administration from five national nature reserves and provincial nature reserves built in Guangdong province,China.The main factors which effect the sustainable development of forestry nature reserves were:(1) Shortage of financial supporting for the construction of basic establishment in nature reserves;(2) Low salary and benefit for workers in nature reserves,and also none of prompting mechanism for workers;(3) Few or none of research and training activities in nature reserves;(4) Confliction of preserved animal with the production activity of adjacent people,and the managing capacity need to be enhanced;(5) Habitat fragmentations appear when some national keystone constructed through the nature reserves.Some strategies and resolutions to these disadvantage factors,which were good for the construction and development of nature reserves in Guangdong,were also suggested in this paper.

Ecology experiment is one important part of ecology education.The article analysis the problems that presented in ecology experiments teaching,and put forward some proposals according to the trait of ecology subject.That is,ameliorating the teaching mode;giving prominence to bring up the ability of people;adding up teaching period and settling experiment course;adding up investment,innovating and colligating the experiment equipment.