In May 2005, we surveyed water quality and benthos of the Yellow River basin in 42 sites. The results show that water quality of most part of the Yellow River basin is seriously contaminated, especially the index of total nitrogen. The main stem up Lanzhou is lightly polluted compare to stem down Lanzhou and tributaries. In these sites, we collected 90 taxa totally, which belong to 60 genera in 23 families in five phyla. Among them, there are 67 aquatic insects (74.4%), 15 oligochaetes (16.7%), five mollusks (5.6%), one crustacean (2.2%) and one nematode (2.2%).The main components of benthos are Chironomus and Oligochaeta groups. Average density and biomass in the Yellow River basin are 411.1 ind·m-2 and 1520.1 mg·m-2. The density and biomass in the main stem are obviously lower than the tributaries. Compare to the data from 1958 and 1982, the taxa number is almost similar, but the composition varies greatly and the density and biomass are comparatively lower in this survey.
The structure of mangrove community and the feature of Avicennia marina population of Techeng Island, Zhanjiang was surveyed using sample-quadrat method during June 2008. The results of the investigation showed that:the mangroves in the region are A.marina pure forest, and mixed forest of four species (A.marina, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Aegiceras corniculatum) in which A.marina is the dominant species. A.marina distributes continuously on the beach from the landward to the seaward. R.stylosa, B.gymnorrhiza and A.comiculatum grow in the landward and the central of the beach. The species diversity index decrease from the landward edge to the seaward edge. By analyzing the trend of plant height, base diameter of A.marina population, young individuals gathered landward, very little grow seaward. The age structure of A.marina population shows that this population is in growth form. However, according to the environment and the distribution of A.marina population, the mangrove in this area will degenerate in the future.
We surveyed and analyzed on the community structure of Phytoplankton in the white shrimp culture Ponds in Xuwang non-polluted culture base, Zhoushan, Zhejiang between April 30th, 2006 and August 31st, 2006. The results showed that total of 5 phyla 16 species were identified, including 4 Cyanophyta species, 5 Chlorophyta species, 5 Bacillariophyta species, 1 Euglenophyta species and 1 Pyrrophyta species. Cyanophyta mainly includes Merismopedia tenuissima., Phorimidium sp., Spirulina sp., et al; common Chlorophyta includes Chlorella sp., Chlamydomonas sp.,et al; common Bacillariophyta includes Navicula sp., Synedra acus. In the early culture period, total of 3 phyla 9 species were identified, without Cyanophyta and Euglenophyta species, Their average valuedensity was 0.8×107 cells·L-1, biodiversity index was 0.445. In late culture period, 4 phyla 12 species without Pyrrophyta species were identified,the average valuedensity was 1.5×107 cells·L-1, biodiversity index was 0.375. The species numbers, biomass and biodiversity index were high in early culture period and low in lateculture period.
The community structures of copepods in three large reservoirs of South China:Xinfengjiang Reservoir, Feilaixia Reservoir and Gongping Reservoir were investigated from 2000 to 2002. Among the three reservoirs, Xinfengjiang Reservoir is the only oligotrophic water body, Gongping Reservoir is mesotrophic but with higher TSI than Feilaixia Reservoir. In total, 14 species of copepods (8 Calanoida, 5 Cyclopoida and 1 Harpacticoida) were observed. Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus——a Chinese endemic species, and Neodiaptomus schmackeri were common species in Calanoids, while Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides, Thermocyclops taihokuensis and Tropocyclops bopingi were common species in Cyclopoids. Drainage area, water retention time, fish predation and trophic status were the principle factors influencing the species composition, abundance and biomass of copepods. The positive relationship was observed between species richness and the drainage areas of reservoirs. The riverine reservoir-Feilaixia Reservoir with largest catchment contains the highest species richness. Trophic status was associated with the abundance and biomass of copepods. Nutrient-enriched reservoirs support greater abundance and biomass of copepods. However, dominance of Calanoids was lower while dominance of cyclopoids, copepodids and nauplius were much higher in the nutrient-enriched reservoirs. Short water retention time explained the low abundance of copepods in Feilaixia reservoirs. Selective predation of predatory fish can largely reduce the abundance of adult copepods, but doesn't have much influence on species richness of copepods. The relationship between species richness and trophic status were markedly variable because of the difference in watershed background and fish predation among reservoirs.
A research on phytoplankton community and physical and chemical factors were conducted from Apr. 2005 to May 2006 in Suzhou Creek, the phytoplankton community status and the water quality status were analyzed, and the relationship between phytoplankton and water quality was also analyzed, the results showed that the water temperature, TP, TN, CODCr had significant impact on phytoplankton community and the impact had thresholds which were as follows:water temperature:15℃,TP:0.6 mg·L-1, TN:10 mg·L-1, CODCr:20 mg·L-1. In the ecological restoration of Suzhou Creek, when the physical and chemical factors were lower than the thresholds, the appearance frequency and density percentage of Chlorella were low, while the appearance frequency and density percentage of Cyclotella meneghiniana were high; when the physical and chemical factors were higher than the thresholds, the appearance frequency and density percentage of Chlorella were high, while the appearance frequency and density percentage of Cyclotella meneghiniana were low. So the thresholds of physical and chemical factors impacting on phytoplankton should be considered to restore the water quality in Suzhou Creek.
We studied the effect of copper stress on the growth and some leaves physiological indexes of Sophora japonica under different concentration treatments by using pot-culture method. The results showed that:the plant height and ground diameter of Sophora japonica exhibited an increasing trend followed by declining with increasing copper stress. When the concentration of copper were 1000 mg·kg-1, the plant height and ground diameter had an extremely significantly difference respectively in comparison with control. When the concentration of copper lower than 500 mg·kg-1, the chlorophyll contents increased rapidly, exhibiting an increasing tendency, and there were no significant difference in comparison with control. The proline contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased rapidly, significantly different from the control, and exhibited some adaptability. With increasing concentrations of copper stress (>500 mg·kg-1), the contents of chlorophyll and activities of SOD decreased remarkably, and the MDA, relative conductivity and proline contents ascended sharply, indicating Sophora japonica suffer significant injury.
In order to understand the structure of zooplankton community in shallow tropical reservoirs and its stability in dry seasons, we sampled in the pelagic zone of Gancun Reservoir every week which in three dry seasons from 2006 to 2007. Gancun Reservoir is a typical shallow tropical waterbody, located in the Leizhou Peninsula of Guangdong Province. Similar to most of tropical waterbodies with a low diversity, in total, only 8 speciesof crustacean had been identified in this reservoir. The average body length of the crustacean was between 400μm and 700μm. Diaphanosoma dubium is the dominant species in cladocerans, having an average body length 533μm, while in copepoda, Thermocyclops taihokuensis dominate with an average body length 787μm. Nauplii and cylopoid copepodites contributed a majority of the abundance and biomass of the whole community. In the size distribution of abundance and the number of species, the peaks occurred at the two length classes of 300-400μm and 400-500μm. Low abundance and species diversity in the pelagic zones was in coincidence with a relatively high-yield fishery in the reservoir, the high predation pressure was a main force in structuring the size distribution of crustacean community.
Species diversity of plant communities in Guangzhou Yuexiu park were studied by using the classic plot sample survey method (38 plots, the total survey area is 15200 m2). 4 types of forest community can be obtained by using a Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN):Bambusa chungi+Cinnamomum burmannii community, Casuarina equisetifolia+Litsea monopetala community, Livistona chinensis community and Bambusa textiles+Manikara zapota community. The Simpson diversity index of the above communities are as follows:15.431, 2.652, 9.387 and 13.665; Shannon-Wiener diversity index are:2.071,1.016,0.991 and 2.263; Pielou evenness index are:0.410, 0.225, 0.212 and 0.434. Overall, the species diversity of shrub layer was the highest and the arbor layer was higher compared to the herb layer. Through the above analysis, the future construction should pay attention to the perfection of vegetation type, enriching the vertical structure, increasing the diversity as well as the stability of plant communities.
To investigate the leaching process in the prophase of leaf litter decomposition in water in subtropical region of China, we studied the leaching mass losses of leaf litter of 8 common species in Guangzhou in lentic or running water. The results showed that the rate of dry mass loss of leaf litter of all species whether in lentic water or in running water were significantly higher in the first day than in other days (P<0.05), but the difference of leaf species might lead to different leaching mass losses. The leaching rate of Dracontomelon duperreanum whose leaves are soft and thin-coriaceous was significantly higher than those of other species (27.0% lost in running water, 24.2% in lentic water), and the leaching rate of Podocarpus nagi whose leaves are rigid and coriaceous was the lowest (9.8% in running water, 8.0% in lentic water). There was no significant difference in the rate of dry mass loss in the 2nd day and 3rd day, which suggested the leaching might finish. Summarily, the leaching phase of leaf litter in subtropical zone lasted out for one day whether in lentic water or in running water.
The investigations at ten stations were carried out in Qiangtan River from January 2006 to December 200. The spatio-temporal distribution of chlorophyll a and the relationships with environmental factors were studied according to the results of investigations. The results showed that there were obvious temporal differences in chlorophyll a, but not spatial differences. The concentrations of chlorophyll a were high in summer and autumn and low in winter and spring. There was significant positive correlation between chlorophyll a content and temperature. The correlation coefficients between chlorophyll a content and transparency varied in different ranges. The correlation coefficients between chlorophyll a content and TN、TP varied in different river sections. TN and TP concentrations were high enough to meet the needs of algal growth. Low N/P (8 to 30) showed that nitrogen and phosphorus may not be limiting factors for the growth of algae in the Qiangtan River.
The experiment was conducted for 30 days in order to determine the effects of different feeding frequencies (1, 2 and 6 times per day) on behaviors, growth and non-special immunity factors of Litopenaeus vannamei. The specific growth rate, movement time and movement distances increased progressively as feeding frequency increased. In daytime, the movement frequencies in the group fed for 6 times per day were significantly higher than those in other groups (p<0.05).However, at night, the movement frequencies in the group fed for 2 times per day were significantly higher than those in other groups (p<0.05). When feeding 1 time per day, the activities of phenoloxidase (PO), catalase(CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the shrimp declined, but malondialdehyde (MDA) level increased. During the experiment, the values of PO, CAT, SOD and MDA of the shrimps fed 2 times per day did not change obviously, but they grew slowly when fed 6 times per day.
We used polymerase chain react ion (PCR) to analyze mtDNA control region gene of 65 individuals from six populations. The results showed that there were lower haplotype diversity (H=0.622±0.138) and nucleotide diversity (π=0.386±0.00383) in Yingchun population, higher haplotype diversity (H=0.857±0.044) and nucleotide diversity (π=2.580±0.01914) in Tuqiang; Neither the estimate of Tajima's D nor that of Fu and Li's D deviated significantly from the neutral selection hypothesis (P>0.1) for six populations, showing no evidence of strong selective sweeps or balancing selection. Correlation analysis shows the genetic diversity was significant positive correlation with latitude (r=0.770) and altitude (r=0.719), significant negative correlation with annual average temperature (r=-0.519) and frostless days (r=-0.652), no significant correlation with longitude (r=-0.258) and annual precipitations (r=-0.205).
The histologies of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney of Ocadiasinensiswere were studied by paraffin section and microphotograph technique. The results showed that the characteristic of cardiac muscle is cabined diazone and cardiac muscle fibers are bunchy arrangements. The liver is separated into three leaves. The connective tissue is little and the borderline of hepatic lobule is mistiness in liver. The spleen is separated into capsule and parenchyma. The splenic parenchyma is composed of white and red pulps. The white pulp is composed of the periaterial lymphatic sheath (PAIS) and the periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath (PELS). The red pulp is composed of the splenic cord and spenic sinus. No lymph nodule and germinal center are found in spleen. The lung is a pair of long flat sac and the pulmonary alveoli are capsular. There are nodus-like enlargements in pulmonary alveolustubules. The kidney is composed of renal corpuscle, neck segment,proximal tubule, middle segment,distal tubule and collecting tubule. The renal corpuscle is composed of glomerulus and renal capsule. There are similar structures of maculae densa about renal corpuscle.
To screen the differential proteins invovled in andrographolide analogue (AL-1) against apoptosis induced by hedrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Rin-m beta cells and investigate its molecular mechanism with proteomics. The results showed that:The survival rate of cells treated by H2O2 were increased by AL-1 in a dose-dependent manner. With proteomics analysis, 18 proteins related to apoptosis, stress were successfully identified, such as Prohibitin, Shmt2, Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor-1, Galectin-1, Cyt b5, Hsps, and so on. Among them, 9 proteins were found to be up-regulated and 9 down-regulated in the AL-1 treated group compared with control (H2O2) group. AL-1 protected Rin-m beta cells against apoptosis induced by H2O2 via regulating proteins associated with apoptosis, stress.
In this paper, the ecological effects of Guangzhou-Meizhou-Shantou railway electrification project, including negative effects and positive effects (e.g. improving water and atmosphere quality) were quantitively analyzed. The results showed that during the reconstruction period:1) the vegetation biomass lost 334.5t; 2) the reconstruction project incurred 689.0tsoil and water loss. After the electrification project was finished, the amount of water contaminant discharge in production sewage significantly decreased in Longchuan locomotive depot. The annual discharge amount of oil, COD, SS would reduce 21.9 kg, 76.1kg and 145.3kg, respectively. Moreover, the annual emission amount of CO, NOx, SO2, soot and CnHm would reduce 153.211, 1085.42t, 47.471,328t and 110.06t, respectively because electric traction was applied. The electrification reconstruction project of Guangzhou-Meizhou-Shantou railway would bring great ecological, economic and social benefit to the regions along the railway.
The paper carried out analysis to the status of pulltion and essentiality and necessity which shall carry out integration treatment and control to pullotion of water system, and made explore to the reason that single relied to sewage treatment factory treating sewage, however the effect was lower in Guangzhou in past time. At the same time, the reason, necessity and feasibility that construct the stereoscopic system which utilize plants to multilevel treat and purge pollutant were carried out analysis. In aspect of technology on implement the ecological engineering, especially in accordance with the situation of soil resource tighting in Guangzhou, which is difficult to build large plant oxygenation pool inside sewage treatment factory, put forwarded that build the plant purifying systems in every river or rivulet which is priority to higher plant, and those need notice major technical measures were dissertated, in respect of these engineering measures can improve water ecological system, realize favorable landscape benefit and ecological benefit were carried out further discussion. In the past, in aspect of utilize hydrophyte to purge swage in every region, mostly or basic were utilized in lake or pool, water flowage speed of these palce was very slow or approximate to static status. Whereas, authors put forwarded viewpoint and strategy is that build plentiful plant purifying system directness in water flowage speed faster river of city.
