To discuss the ecophysiological adaptation mechanisms of plants to sandy soil and thus to provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration, the authors analyzed nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content in the leaves of 14 dominant plant species in sandy hills along Poyang Lake. Results showed that N content in the leaves of dominant plant species ranged from 3.10～16.5mg·g^-1, with an average value of 10.21mg·g^-1. P content in the leaves varied at a range of 0.70～2.10mg·g^-1, with an average value of 1.24mg·g^-1. The N content was approximately 50% lower than the average N content in the leaves of national and global plants. The P content was about 85% of the average P content in the leaves of national plants and about 70% of global plants, respectively. The relatively lower N and P content might be mainly controlled by low nutrient in the soil. Moreover, as the most dominant plant species in sandy hills, Vitex trifolia Linn. var. simplicifolia Cham had a low level of N and P content due to low soil nutrient. However, N and P content in the leaves of Vitex trifolia Linn. var. simplicifolia Cham increased with sandy intensity, which was an adaptation to water stress for higher water use efficiency. Additionally, the average ratio of N to P in the leaves was approximately 9.0, indicating that plant growth in sandy hills was mainly limited by nitrogen, rather than phosphorus.

Derris trifoliata is a vine plant that commonly grows in the edges of mangroves in China. In order to understand its response and adaptability to salt stress in inter-tidal habitats, we manipulated 0～40‰ salinities on the seedlings of D. trifoliata, and investigated the growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of the seedlings. The results showed that D. trifoliata seedlings grew faster under 20‰ salinity. The root-shoot ratio declined with the increase of salinity, indicating salt stress had a greater effect on underground biomass than aboveground biomass. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased significantly with the increase of salinity. Intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) decreased first and then increased, with the minimum value occurring under 20‰ salinity; while transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal limitation value (Ls) exhibited a reverse trend. PSⅡactual photochemical quantum yield decreased significantly, while non-photochemical quenching coefficient was opposite. The results suggested that higher salinity inhibited the growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of D. trifoliata seedlings and that lower salinity (≤20‰) was propitious to the growth of D. trifoliata seedlings.

In order to explore the composition of bacterioplankton community in oligotrophic lakes, clone libraries were constructed and analyzed for Huashen Lake and Zixia Lake located in the urban area of Nanjing City, respectively. Results showed that positive clones of Huashen Lake and Zixia Lake were mainly affiliated with Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Gemmatimonadetes. About 75% of total bacterial clones obtained from Huashen Lake and Zixia Lake were higher than 97% of homology with uncultured bacteria in GenBank. Meanwhile, six new freshwater bacterial clusters were found simultaneously in Huashen Lake clone library and Zixia Lake clone library. The present study has broadened our knowledge on bacterioplankton diversity and suggested that the diversity of bacterioplankton in freshwater lakes still needs further study.

Ichthyophthiriasis, commonly known as "white spot disease", is the most important disease of freshwater fishes. The pathogen, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is an obligatory parasitic ciliate that parasitizes the epidermis and gills of freshwater fishes, and is greatly affected by water temperature. In order to illuminate the role of water temperature in parasite life cycle, the authors investigated the influence of water temperature on cyst formation, hatchability, and activity power of theront under experimental condition. The results are as follows. The theronts of I. multifiliis were not able to be produced from parasite cysts when the water temperature was about 4℃ or from 28～32℃, but a few cysts could survive in such low or high temperatures. While the water temperature was between 9～27℃, the cyst-formation and hatch period gradually became shorter and the hatch rate rose to 100% with the increasing temperature. Meanwhile, the activity power of theronts was enhanced, but kept in a shorter period of about 4 hours with rising of water temperature. Therefore, it is suggested that I. multifiliis should be cultured under water temperature of about 23℃ for various experiments including artificial infection, and the theronts should be used in 4 hours after hatch.

The authors carried out four cruises to survey the ecological characteristics of zooplankton by setting one section in the Hutiaomen and Yamen of Huangmao Sea from November 2006 to August 2007. Hydrological characteristics and physical-chemical factors in these two estuaries and great differences between them were analyzed; besides, species composition, density, biomass and diversity index of zooplankton were studied. The results showed that totally 50 species were identified, among which copepod was the dominant group containing 24 species. Moreover, 12 species rotatoria, 5 species cladocera and 1 species protozan, 1 species polychaeta, 1 species heteropoda, 1 species mysidacea and 1 species snail were found. Copepod larvae and 2 unknown species were also observed. There were no significant differences in density, biomass and diversity index of zooplankton between two sampling sites, which might be due to the fact that physical-chemical factors and phytoplankton community structure were not significantly different between Hutiaomen and Yamen and these were slightly affected by hydrodynamic factors. The cluster analysis showed that zooplankton community structure in autumn and winter was similar, and it was also similar in spring and summer.

Chlorophorus sp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) has been a severe boring pest for Caragana spp. in Ningxia in recent years. Larvae of Chlorophorus sp. primarily damage the roots and branches of Caragana spp.. The authors analyzed damage characteristics and population dynamics of Chlorophorus sp. in this study. The results showed that the larvae and adults of Chlorophorus sp. mainly distributed in the stems at the height of 0～100cm, especially 0～20cm, and their numbers decreased from the base to the top. The larvae mainly damaged the plants of more than 4 years old, especially those in the age of 6～8 years. With the increase of plant diameter, the numbers of adult Chlorophorus sp. increased gradually, but the numbers of larvae increased first and decreased thereafter. The distribution of larvae in different periods changed greatly in the stems. The larvae moved from the base and top to the center, but they would move from the top to the base with gradual decreasing of temperature. The largest numbers of larvae were found in the stems of 0～20 cm, and this might be because the base provided a more suitable environment for overwintering.

The effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and low salt stress on the growth of Enteromorpha pwlifera thalli were investigated in this paper. The results showed that UV radiation could inhibit the growth of E. pwlifera, with the thalli experiencing negative growth, and such inhibition was higher at the salinity of 24 than at the salinity of 12. After high intensity of UV exposure, the frond became thinning, soft, scattered, and some cell damages were observed under microscope, with the contents spilling after death. While low intensity of UV exposure had little effect on the growth rate. Four groups of salinities, 0, 6, 12, 24 were set in this experiment, and the experiment lasted for 42 days. During the early 21 days, the salinity of 0 showed no significant effects on the growth, with less changes of plant color. But with the culture time extending, the algae became soft and loose, and the plants appeared yellow and then white until death. The plants at other salinities were normal, indicating that the frond of E. pwlifera had a certain tolerance to low salinity stress, but it could not tolerate to low salinity stress for a long time.

Under the condition of natural infection in the wild, the authors analyzed the resistance degree and compensation ability of 20 tree species to Capitophorus rhamnoides Zhang using the recovery rate of leaf roll of sprouts as insect resistance index. The result indicated that tree species except for peach, russianolive and elm were the hosts for C. rhamnoides Zhang, Among all the sea buckthorn species, the varieties and coenospecies were susceptible to C. rhamnoides, but species and subspecies were relatively resistant to C. rhamnoides. There was significant difference in the recovery rate of leaf roll among varieties. At the harm peak, tree species with low leaf roll rate, such as Chengse and Lengguo etc., could recover completely due to their own harm resistance compensation ability and natural enemies, presenting a strong resistance to C. rhamnoides. Whereas, tree species with high leaf roll rate, such as Yousheng, Chuyi and Wulangemu etc., which were severely damaged, could recover no more than 50% for their limited harm resistance and compensation ability, suggesting they were weak in resisting to C. rhamnoides. The recovery rates of leaf roll of apple tree and Yunnan Sea buckthorn were 55.6% and 50%, respectively, which were moderately resistant to C. rhamnoides.

The characteristics of phytoplankton community structure in the Pearl River Estuary were studied at the late stage of a Phaeocystis globosa bloom from November 30 to December 2, 2009. Totally 118 species of microalgae belonging to six phyla were identified in the study. Among them, 67 species belonged to Bacillariophyta; 33 species belonged to Chlorophyta; 6 species belonged to Dinoflagellate; 5 species belonged to Cyanophyta; 5 species belonged to Euglenophyta; 2 species belonged to Chrysophyta. During the investigation, the diameter of optical colonies ranged from 0.5～2.5 cm, with an average density of 1208 colonies·m^-3; and the average density under microscopic observation reached to 675000 colonies·m^-3. The sudden rising of temperature from the mid to end of November might be the key factor causing the bloom. The: accompanying dominant species during the bloom were Skeletonema sp., Aulacoseira granulata, Cylindrotheca closterium and Euglena tritella.

Fish can affect the water ecosystem by grazing and nutrient excretion, and omnivorous fish may feed in different habitats and thus change coupling between habitats. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the dominant species in most lakes of South China, and its food includes phytoplankton in open water habitats and periphyton in substrate-surface habitats. In order to reveal the effects of tilapia on phytoplankton and periphyton, an experiment with two treatments, one with tilapia (tilapia group) and one without tilapia (non-fish group) was carried out, and the biomass (Chl a) of both phytoplankton and periphyton was analyzed. The results showed that tilapia significantly reduced the biomass of periphyton. The mean values of Chl a of periphyton in tilapia group was 0.15 mg·cm^-2, which was significantly lower than that of non-fish group with a value of 1.26 mg·cm^-2. The mean value of phytoplankton Chl a in tilapia group was 31.99μg·L^-1, significantly higher than that of non-fish group having a value of 14.99μg·L^-1. The results suggest that omnivorous tilapia can promote periphyton shifting to phytoplankton. In order to control phytoplankton biomass while managing a lake, density of tilapia should be effectively controlled.

Histological observation on the liver and kidney of Annamemys annamensis was made by paraffin section and microphotograph technique. The results show that the liver is separated into three leaves. The connective tissue is little and the borderline of hepatic lobule is mistiness in liver. The liver is composed of countless hepatic lobules and the borderline of hepatic lobules is mistiness. The liver cells are polygonal gland epithelia. The nucleus of cell are round and lay in the center. The bile ductules radiate along the hepatic cords and are connected to acerose microtubule. The kidney is composed of renal corpuscle. neck segment, proximal tubule, middle segment, distal tubule and collecting tubule. The renal corpuscle is composed of glomerulus and renal capsule. Structure of maculae densa is observed around renal corpuscle, but no medullary loop is discovered. The glomerulus is composed of coiling capillaries. The renal tubule starts and ends from renal capsule and is made up of inside and outside walls. The inside wall sticks to the capillaries of glomerulus and the outside wall is composed of simple squamous epithelia.

Sewage sludge and papermaking sludge samples with different surface ratios (1.62, 2.16, 3.24 and 6.48 cm²·g^-1) and different temperatures (30, 70, 102 and 130℃) were analyzed through experiment on their drying characteristics. The results indicated that the higher the temperature and the surface ratio were, the less time was used for sludge drying. When the water loss was less than 10%, the sludge was in the fast drying phase; when the water loss was between 10%-60%, the sludge was in the constant drying phase; when the water loss was more than 60%, the sludge was in the reduced drying phase. In each drying phase, the water loss rate of sewage sludge was 0.01%·s^-1 less than that of papermaking sludge.

Household consumption is one of the important factors to induce CO₂ emission. With the development of society and the improvement of living standards, the proportion of household energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions has increased, resulting in an increase of the potential of household energy saving and emission reduction. Carrying out researches on household energy consumption and carbon footprint is helpful to provide residents guidance on sustainable living and consumption and to help them find an effective means of energy saving and emission reduction. It also provides advantages in the promotion of low-carbon urban construction and the mitigation of global warming and energy crisis. In this paper, the concept of household carbon footprint, the sources of household carbon emissions and then-calculation method are revealed first. Then, six domains of the researches on household energy consumption and household carbon footprint are summarized: the characteristics and influencing factors of household energy consumption and carbon footprint, the dynamic changes of household energy use and carbon footprint, the comparison of household energy use and carbon emissions between countries and regions, the calculation models of household carbon footprint, the management of household carbon emissions. At last, the prospect aspects and directions for future studies are put forward.

The mechanisms of river-transported silicon flux reduction are analyzed from several aspects including damming, diatom absorption and fixation, fishery, water eutrophication and hydrological changes; besides, the ecological effect of river-transported silicon flux reduction on river, estuary and inshore is evaluated. The results indicate that river-transported silicon flux reduction greatly impacts the geochemical cycle of silicon, resulting in an ecological imbalance. Diatom is a major factor responsible for the river-transported silicon flux reduction. The dissolved silicon in the water body of reservoir is taken up and utilized by diatom. Ultimately the silicon sedimentates and stores in the bottom of reservoir after the death of diatom, which leads to a lack of dissolved silicon in downstream river and ocean, and this brings about serious ecological effect on human beings.

It is an important measure to standardize the eco-agriculture in China, for its assurance of the process of sustainable development. Presently the work on eco-agriculture standardization in China is being done, which is mainly on the construction of eco-agriculture standardized system, the study of technological standard on eco-agricultural mode and the practice of eco-agriculture standardization. This paper discusses the current situation and main problems of eco-agriculture standardization in China, and it also puts forward some suggestions for improving the eco-agriculture standardization in China.

The ecological problems and corresponding controlling strategies for the Daya Bay are introduced in this paper. The characteristics of degraded ecosystem in the Daya Bay are as follows. Ecosystem structure is destroyed; biological community is miniaturizing; biodiversity is simplifying; biological resources are declining; ecosystem services of mangroves and coral reefs are declining; coastal wetlands are decreasing; biomass is declining as a result of habitat deterioration. More and more red tide events occur due to nutrition environment deterioration, etc. This paper discusses the impact of human activities on the marine ecosystem of Daya Bay, and proposes some suggestions for restoring, reconstructing and making sustainable utilization of the damaged coastal ecosystem.

As healthful ecological resources, negative air ions are more and more concerned along with the boom of ecotourism. Understanding the concentration distribution rule of negative air ions can help people to make full use of natural negative air ions in appropriate time and place. According to related studies on negative air ions in recent decades in China, concentration distribution rule of negative air ions and its influencing factors are reviewed. Many researches showed that the distribution of negative air ions was influenced by meteorological conditions, temporal and spatial difference, plants and water environment. Relative study on producing mechanisms and ecological effects of negative air ions should be strengthened in the future, and this will provide a theoretical basis for reasonable development of negative air ion resources and environmental protection.