One bioflocculant-producing strain of high flocculating activity was screened for slaughter wastewater.The optimum flocculating conditions of bioflocculant D6 produced from this strain were obtained by single factor test and orthogonal design test.Flocculating conditions included bioflocculant D6 dosage,pH,kinds of metal ions and 1% CaCl2 dosage.The study found bioflocculant D6 had flocculating activity under precondition of Alkaline environment,it indicated full extension of molecular chains of bioflocculant D6 was the determinant for flocculation,so the flocculating mechanism of bioflocculant D6 was adsorption-bridge.The optimum flocculating conditions were as follows:bioflocculant D6 dosage 25 mL·L-1,1%CaCl2 dosage 55 mL·L-1,pH 8.In the optimum flocculating conditions,flocculation rate was 96.6%,turbidity removal rate was 97.8%,SS removal rate was 92.6%.
Shantou estuary is not only one of most important area for navigation in southern China,but also play a significant role in aquiculture and tourism in Shantou city.A science and technology project for marine development was started in 2002,because the pollution situation of Shantou estuary was so serious and hamper the local economic development.As a part of this research, the pollution degrees and the potential ecological risks associated with heavy metals content and distribution pattern in surface sediment of Shantou estuary were assessed with the method of single factor pollution index,marine sediment quality and Hakanson's potential ecological index.The results showed that:the average contents of Cd,Cu,Zn,Pb in surface sediment of Shantou estuary were higher than marine sediment quality standards(Ⅰ).Based on the single factor pollution index of target heavy metals,the surface sediment of Shantou estuary have to be considered as most strongly polluted with Cd,strongly polluted with Zn and moderately polluted with Cu,Ni,Pb.Based on ecological risk factor(Eri),the potential ecological risk to the Shantou estuary contamination was very strong with Cd,and only slight with other elements.Based on the multi-elements potential ecological risk indices(RI),the Shantou estuary was moderately polluted by heavy metals.The spatial difference of heavy metal pollution and their potential ecological risk have a consistent pattern with that of heavy metals content,which showed a decrease trend as waves from upstream to downstream of Shantou Estuary with a distinct peak in Niutanyang and upper region of Shantou harbor.This phenomenon maybe caused by the river inlet,sewer outlet distribution pattern in the study region, together with geographical and hydrological characteristics of Shantou estuary.
We investigated the colonial cell growth of marine economic microalgae,Dunaliella salina and Platymonas subcordiformis under different cell inoculation densities(10:0,7:3,5:5,3:7 and 0:10) and nitrogen concentrations(low nitrogen:1.4 mg·L-1, medium nitrogen:14 mg·L-1 and high nitrogen:140 mg·L-1) by examining some parameters of algal cell density,biomass,chlorophyll a and protein content.The results indicated that colonial cell growth of these two algae increased with the increasing of nitrogen concentrations.Besides,cell growth of mixed-culture was superior to monoculture when at high and medium nitrogen concentrations; especially when they were cultured at a proportion of 7:3.For example,chlorophyll a content was increased by as high as 1.17(p<0.01) and 7.77 folds(p<0.01),and protein content was improved by 19.1%(p<0.05) and 195.3%(p<0.01),respectively.However,cell growth of mixed-culture was remarkably limited by nitrogen concentration when at low nitrogen concentration.
Glutathione S-transferase(GST) of freshwater fish is a kind of PhaseⅡdetoxification enzymes and is important to detoxification from fish body,by catalyzing the conjugation of GSH with toxin.In this study,the partial cDNAs encoding pi-class,mu-class,theta-class GST(GSTpi,GSTmu,GSTtheta) were cloned and sequenced from the grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella) and the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica),and the GSTmu,GSTtheta were cloned and sequenced from the sliver carp(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) by RT-PCR and RACE method.Relative amino acids were deduced.The phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of GST sequences showed that the GSTs amino acid sequences of sliver carp,grass carp and nile tilapia were highly conserved in fish,which had lower homology with that of amphibian,bird and human.This finding was consistent with the special function of these genes in freshwater fish in toxin detoxification.In the different kinds of fishes,the homology of GSTtheta is lower than GSTpi and GSTmu,it seems to be conserved with different tolerance for toxin in different fishes.Meanwhile,the constitutive expression of liver GSTs genes were determined by real-time RT-PCR.The mRNA expression level of Nile tilapia GSTs genes were the lowest,GSTtheta expression was significantly lower than that of grass carp(P<0.05),GSTmu expression was significantly lower than that of sliver carp(P<0.05).This study helps to understand the functions of different classes of glutathione S-transferases(GSTs) genes in the metabolism of toxics in limnetic fishes.
Located in transitional zone between central subtropical and north subtropical climatic area,Mufu Mountain is rich in species resources.Based on typical sample plot survey,the community structure and species diversity of the forest community were determined with Shannon-Wiener diversity index,Simpson index and Pielou evenness index.The results showed that there are 21 forest community types.In the evergreen broadleaf forest,the shrub layer had the highest richness index and species diversity index,followed by the tree layer and the herb layer had the lowest.In the deciduous broadleaf forest,the shrub layer had the highest richness index,but in the herb layer and the tree layer,the trend fluctuates;and the shrub layer had the highest species diversity index,followed by the herb layer and the tree layer had the lowest.In the coniferous forest,the shrub layer had the highest richness index and species diversity index,followed by the herb layer and the tree layer had the lowest.In other communities,the trend of all indices along the community shows a trend of diversification.Generally speaking,all the indices along an elevation gradient didn't show an obvious consistent trend.
We investigated the effects of environmental factors and cryopreservation on the vitality of sperm in Nibea albiflora.The results indicated that the suitable salinity for sperm activation and movement was 25-35 while pH value 7.5-8.5.The highest activation rate,the longest moving time and life-span of sperm were(87.00±5.54)%,(336±14.02) s,(405.33±12.22) s,respectively when the sperm was activated in the solutions(salinity25,pH 8.0-8.5).Also the suitable concentration of KCl,NaCl,MgCl2,glucose solutions for sperm activation was 300-500mmol·L-1,600mmol·L-1,800-1000 mmol·L-1 and 900 mmol·L-1,respectively.The sperm could not be activated by HCO3- free artificial seawater and more than 80% of sperms were activated by Ca2+-free,Mg2+-free artificial seawater while the moving time and life-span of sperm was shortened significantly.The activation rate and moving time of cryopreservated sperm exceeded 80% and 200s when Cortland and HBSS solutions were used as extender and 10%EG as cryoprotectant.
To find out the main environmental factors,we used orthogonal test to investigate the effects of light intensity, temperature,total nitrogen concentration and their interaction on P.malatanu by a serial of laboratorial experiments.The results showed that light intensity and temperature,as well as their interaction significantly affect the growth of P.malatanu.Total nitrogen concentration had lower impact on the growth of P.malatanu.Under total nitrogen concentration of 2-8 mg·L-1 P. malatanu could grow well.In conclusion,P.malatanu can grow well under the conditions of 5320-12000 lx light intensity,30℃, and 4-8 mg·L-1.So P.malatanu can be a pioneer plant for eutrophication ecological management in summer.
The natural vegetation was investigated in October 2006 in Dongzhi Plateau,Qinyang city,Gansu province.Based on the analysis of 23 sample plots in Dongzhi Plateau,the natural vegetation can be divided into 3 vegetation types,4 vegetation subtypes and 14 formations,165 species were recorded belonging to 65 genera in 33 families.The comprehensive index for evaluating the natural vegetation were integrated with 5 indices including coverage,species scalar,biomass,growth and structure characters,which could be grouped into 5 grades from Ⅴ to Ⅰ.The results showed that the comprehensive index of the vegetations were graded from Ⅳ to Ⅱ, among which the forest communities graded fromⅢtoⅡ,the shrubs community and the steppes from Ⅳ-Ⅲ.
In this paper,based on the different vegetation area occupied by the traffic capacity expansion project of Litang-Qinzhou railway,the vegetation biomass losses of cropland,forest land,and grassland were analyzed quantitatively.The results showed that the vegetation area occupied by the project was 308.6 hm2,of which cropland,forest land and grassland accounted for 140.5 hm2,117.2 hm2 and 50.9 hm2,respectively.During the 2 year construction period,the total vegetation biomass loss would be 35 607.9 t,of which 4 792.7 t was cropland vegetation loss(13.5%),29 888.3 t was forest land vegetation loss(83.9%),and 926.9 t was cropland vegetation loss(2.6%).294.3 t vegetation biomass would be compensated in the early stage after the vegetation restoration measures took effect, such as slope vegetation protection and stations afforestation.
Three mangrove tree species Rhizophora apiculata,Bruguiera sexangula and B.gymnorhiza were introduced from Hainan Island to Qi'ao-Dangan Provincial Nature Reserve.All species showed better growth during the seedling stage.At one-year-old,the average seedling heights of R.apiculata,B.sexangula and B.gymnorhiza were 45.3 cm,28.7 cm and 56.7 cm,respectively,the average seedling diameters were 1.34 cm,0.64 cm and 1.60 cm,respectively,and the preserving rates were 40.9%,59.5% and 70.5%,respectively.Through the comprehensive evaluation,the cold resistance of three species ranked in the order of B.gymnorhiza>B. sexangula>R.apiculata.These three mangrove species can adapt to natural conditions of the introduced area,but their growth and development properties need further survey.
The vegetation and plant species diversity patterns along the elevation gradient in Mountain Tai were studied based on the investigation data of 14 sampling plots on the northern and southern slope.The results showed that,the species richness was higher on the southern slope than that on the northern slope at the same elevations.The altitudinal pattern of the species richness decreased with the increasing elevation.The species diversity of community and different layers changed differently on both southern and northern slopes. In the situation of low human disturbance,the community species richness had higher values for the tree layers on the northern slope, while diversity indexes were different for the tree layers,the species diversity of tree layer was greater on the southern slope,but the species diversity of shrub and herb layer was obviously greater on the northern slope.Generally speaking,the correlation between species diversity index and elevationa was better on the northern slope than that on the southern slope.
We investigated and analyzed the new community of B.gymnorrhiza(L.) Lamk,Rhizophora stylosa Griff and Brugiera sexangula(Lour)Poir which were sixteen years old and transformed from the secondary shrub forest of Aegiceras comiculatum Blanco. The results show that three kinds of mangrove plants all can settle in the Aegiceras comiculatum Blanco shrubs community,and B. gymnorrhiza(L.) Lamk have the maximum stem and higher growth rate.The appropriate forestation density for Rhizophora stylosa Griff and Brugiera sexangula(Lour)Poir is 1m×1m or 0.8m×0.8m,and 1.5m×2m is suitable for B.gymnorrhiza(L.) Lamk.The density of Aegiceras comiculatum Blanco was declining in varying degrees after introducing the B.gymnorrhiza(L.) Lamk,Rhizophora stylosa Griff and Brugiera sexangula(Lour)Poir sixteen years ago,and introducing of the B.gymnorrhiza(L.) Lamk is worst for the growth of the the secondary shrub forest of Aegiceras comiculatum Blanco.The biomass of Rhizophora stylosa Griff and the total biomass of community was more than the total biomass augment of the Aegiceras comiculatum Blanco community.The biomass augment of Rhizophora stylosa Griff was most,and it was 0.9 times more than the total biomass of Aegiceras comiculatum Blanco community. Brugiera sexangula(Lour)Poir and B.gymnorrhiza(L.) Lamk both have good renewal states,especially there was more than two plants seedlings/m2 in the Brugiera sexangula(Lour)Poir community.It indicates that Brugiera sexangula(Lour)Poir community was on the point of maximum development,and it can predict that mangrove community would resurge about fifteen years in the future.
Noise monitoring department usually accumulates a great number of data information in daily work.The development of noise mapping also provides abundant simulated or measured noise data.However,these data resources haven't been made a good use.The spatial analysis,as the core of GIS(Geography Information System),is a good tool or approach to better use these data.Spatial analysis is to understand the spatial dependence and spatial association of some data related to geographic locations,and to establish the statistical relation among the data according to the spatial locations.This paper analyzed the noise date distribution of Guangzhou central area by GIS spatial analysis software Geoda.The methods of"box-whisker plot"and"color choropleth map"were used to analyze the environment noise in this area,and it is convenient to identify noise"hotspots"and to assess the quality of urban sound environment.It showed that the spatial analysis could offer some references for urban layout,transportation planning and environmental noise policy making.
Mango is an important tropical fruit only after banana in Hainan Province.In recent years,as a result of pesticide abuse,thrips become one of the main pest insects while they are less important in the past.The nymphs and adults of thrips damage mango flowers, leaves,buds and fruits using their mouthparts,seriously affecting the growth and fruit quality of mangos.This study investigated the major mango-growing areas,including 4 counties and 3 cities of Hainan Province,such as Dan Zhou City,Chang Jiang County,etc.A total of 1241 thrips adult specimens were collected.They belong to 10 species,among which 9 are phytophagous including Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood,Thrips hawaiiensis(Morgan),Thrips physapus Linnaeus,Stenchaetothrips victoriensis(Moulton),Selenothrips rubrocinctus(Giard),Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis(Bouché),Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood,Rhipiphorothrips pulchellus Morgan, and Haplothrips chinensis Priesner;and one predatory,Aeolothrips fasciatus(Linnaeus).The yellow tea thrips is the dominant species, representing 75.51% of all specimens,and is also the most widely-distributed species at all sample sites.
Along with the accelerated process of urbanization,urban ecosystems are subjected to certain pressure,we employed principal component analysis method in the urban ecosystem research.We collected the relevant data from 2000 to 2008 in Yanzhou from the social,economic and natural departments.,Principal components(factors) were chosen from selected 32 factors affecting the urban ecosystem changes,the main factor was quantitative analyzed,.The results showed that the first three principal components contribute 88.158%,including most information of the original data.They can represent original indicators for analysis.The main factor affecting the Yangzhou urban ecosystem is divided into two categories:social factors and environmental factors.
This paper systematically discussed the planning guidelines,planning principles,general targets,construction project layouts and implementation countermeasures for the establishment of Modern Agroecological Garden in Sanshui District Foshan city.The planning suggested that three leading parts of agriculture including aquaculture,stockbreeding and vegetable production should be developed.And the agricultural development pattern of"One Axis,Five Gardens,One Belt and One Center"was proposed,that was to establish one major agriculture axis based on Beijiang stream to link the 5 agriculture gardens,which were Jingkou agriculture garden, Datang agriculture garden,example agriculture garden of Lubao-Leping fish pond-dike system,fishing garden of Qingqi fish pond-dike system and the Baini agriculture garden,to build an ecological isolation belt and green ecological corridor in the bicoastal of Lubao river, and to build a center of agricultural products processing,trade,logistics and information services.It also put forward five implementation countermeasures including the security systems of government policy,capital inputting,science and technology innovation,infrastructure construction and human resources training.
Ecology specialty at Jinan University is one of new majors with the enrollment first in 2004.In order to impove the undergraduate teaching,comprehensive Ecology Experiment is opened as one of the basic and ecological characteristic courses,which highly integrated the advantages in the field of aquatic ecology at the curriculum.Several experiments have been conducted for one semester.An excellent achievement was obtained after one-semester exploration and practice.In this paper,general curriculum,course arrangement and teaching feedback about the experiments were summarized.
