Mongol Scotch Pine(Pinus sylvestris L.var.mongolica Litv.) distributes in the fixed sandy land and semi-fixed sandy land of the east of Hulun Buir Plateau and drainage basin formed by Hailar River,Yimin River and Halakhah River.Mongol Scotch Pine is adaptive to cold,drought and barren environments,with prominent regeneration ability to wind erosion control and shifting sand fixation.The natural regeneration process of Mongol Scotch Pine in sandy land is important to vegetation rehabilitation,degraded ecosystems reconstruction, sustainable sandy ecosystem benefit development,as well as establishment of green ecological barriers in the north of China.From the observation on the seed felling temporal and spatial distribution pattern of Mongol Scotch Pine mature individual plant,results show that seed distribution concentrates around the mother individual plant during the seed falling fastigium,and seed density decreases with the distance increase from the mother plant.The highest seed density exists at the site of 4 m from mother plant,and the seed density in the north and east is significantly higher than that in the west and north.The relationship between seed falling density and mother plant itself characteristics such as tree height and crown diameter is also discussed.The regeneration process of Mongol Scotch Pine has been divided into three stages and four phases.The temporal and spatial model of Mongol Scotch Pine regeneration has been built.

This research studied the effects of winter cropping Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflonim L.) on the soil properties and spore density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),and their influences to the growth of rice,in an Italian ryegrass-Rice Rotation(ERR) system.The differences in the physical and chemical properties and the spore density of AMF) between the farmland soil in a paddy field of ERR system and in an idled paddy field(control) were investigated.The soil used for rice cultivation was applied to three treatments:γ-ray sterilization,AMF inoculation afterγ-ray sterilization and the control.The results showed that the winter cropping Italian ryegrass had no significant effects on the soil properties,while it significantly increased the density of AMF spores in soil(p<0.01).It could also significantly improve the plant height, leaf number and tiller number of rice,while the improvement to the above-ground biomass and the rice yield were not significant(p> 0.05).The sterilization treatment clearly improved the thousand kernel weight and yield of rice.The AMF inoculation treatment promoted the thousand kernel weight the yields of rice either in the IRR or CK field.These results suggested that soil micro-organism community is an important influencing factor to rice yield,and AMF has a positive effect on the growth of rice.Winter cropping ryegrass could increase the density of AMF spore and improve the soil micro-organism community structure,thus promoting the growth of rice.

We surveyed the population and distribution of Anthracoceros albirostris in three forest regions(Fenghuang Mountain, Xidaming Mountain and Xiaoming Mountain) of the Xidaming Mountain Nature Reserve in December 2004,October 2005,April 2006, December 2006 and May 2007 by using point count and interview methods.The results showed that the number of Oriental Pied Hornbill was 53±8,with the population density of 0.088 ind·km^-2 calculated by the area of Nature Reserve and 0.23 ind·km^-2 calculated by the coverage area of forest.There were 41±5 birds in Fenghuang Mountain and Xidaming Mountain,30 birds less than in 2000.Only 12 birds were found in Xiaoming Mountain.The Oriental Pied Hombill is critically endangered in the Xidaming Mountain Nature Reserve.The natural forests are not well protected,and human activities like deforesting,logging,poaching and hunting occur in most areas except in the peak of west Xidaming Mountain and east Xiaoming Mountain,leading to a decrease of Oriental Pied Hombill population in the past 30 years.We should pay more attention to the conservation of wildlife,especially the Oriental Pied Hornbill,one endangered animal in the nature reserve.

A fractional factorial experiment was carried out to understand germinating ecology of guarana(Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis),and to find out appropriate procedures for guarana seed germination.Three factors with two levels each were employed, namely seed aril(removed or non-removed),seed size(big or small),and acid(treated or non-treated).The results showed that guarana seeds took two and a half months to germinate,and the germination lasted for three and a half months.The highest germination rate was found in the big seed,seed arils removed,and acid treated group,which was 100%.The lowest germination rate was observed in the small seed,seed arils non-removed,and non acid treated group,which was 0%.It can be concluded that removing seed aril significantly increases germination rate of guarana;big seeds have higher germination rate;acid treatment significantly increases germination rate.

The investigations on the relation between the site factors and species diversity were carried out in this paper.The results were as follows:Firstly,there is a limit significant correlation between the canopy density and species diversity.Secondly,the positive correlation between Ca²⁺,pH,NO₃^-.Mg²⁺ with the species diversity was showed,and had established regression equation.Thirdly,the significant correlation between tree height and species diversity in the arbor layer was showed,but,the difference was no significant with the other layers.At last,the variety of DBH was complex,the significant correlation was showed between the S index and the DBH,but,no significant correlation was showed between the shrub layer and the DBH,the limit significan was also showed in the SP and PIE index of the herb layer.

Sequences of rDNA ITS region in the Strains P1,P2 and ZhJ1 of Phaeocystis globosa collected from Hongkong and Zhanjiang in South China Sea were determined.Combined with 13 homologous sequences downloaded from GenBank,the aligned ITS sequences of Phaeocystis(including 5.8srDNA) were 904bp,of which 271 sites were variable,and 221 sites were parsimony-informative,the contents of(A+T)(34.5%) were less than those of(G+C)(65.4%).20 sites were variable and no parsimony-informative sites were found in the sequences of P1,P2 and ZhJ1,sequence similarities were 97.9%-98.5%.The resolution to interspecific and intraspecific relationships in ITS sequences were better than 18s,28s gene.The topologies of phylogenetic trees derived from Neighbor-Joining memod,Maximum parsimony method and Bayesian inference were consistent.Different Phaeocystis speciesclustered independently.Although different geographical strains of the same Phaeocystis species might intertwine together,the strains of the same geographical origin strains tended to cluster.A comparison of secondary structures of rDNA ITS sequences revealed that the 5.8srDNA structures were basically the same in different species of the same genus, indicating the specificity of the genus;The secondary structure of the ITS1,2 regions were much different among species;indicating that the secondary structure of rDNA ITS region could provide some molecular structure information for the classification of Phaeocystis.

The effect of different densities(392 ind·m^-2,196 ind·m^-2,98 ind·m^-2 and 0 ind·m^-2) of Bellamya aeruginosa on the physical and chemical properties of algal bloom water by setting up experimental enclosures in pond were studied.The experiment was carried out from September 14,2009,and lasted for two months.The results showed that in the middle and late stages,water transparency in low,medium and high density groups was above 60 cm,but that in the control group showed no significant change and fluctuated from 29 cm to 40.3 cm.It indicates that B.aeruginosa can increase the secchi depth(SD) of water.Dissolved oxygen(DO) in the treated groups was significantly lower than that in the control group,suggesting that snails would reduce the DO of water.In addition,our results showed that snails reduced the total Chl-a,but not the concentration of nutrients in the water.The downward trend of TN and PO₄^3--P concentrations showed negative correlation(R=-0.9851,p<0.05,and R=-0.9678,p<0.05) with the snail density.The data(SD,DO,pH,Chl-a,NH₄⁺-N,NO₃^--N and PO₄^3--P) were analyzed by the Duncan multiple comparison and cluster analysis methods,and showed that there were significant differences between the control group and treatment group at p<0.05 level.Therefore it is suggested that snails can to some extent improve the water quality.

The preliminary studies on biological characteristics and unique habitat selection of damselflies in South China Botanical Garden is here reported.At the same time,we cultivated damselfly larvae under the conditions in the Laboratory.Through the research about water conditions,aquatic vegetation habitat,the distribution of different seasons of various types of damselflies,it found that as its sensitive habitat conditions,some damselflies can play the role in ecological indicators for wetland aquatic community structure changes and water quality pollution.This study has great significances for the biological monitoring of water pollution,damselflies habitat protection and the construction and transformation of wetlands in the city.

The histological characters of oral-pharyngeal cavity,esophagus,stomach,small intestine and large intestine of Mauremys mutica were studied by paraffin section and microphotograph techniques.The results showed that except for oral-pharyngeal cavity,the digestive tract includes four layers,namely mucous layer,tunica submucosa,muscular coat and tunica externa.The difference of each part of digestive tract mainly exists in mucous layer.The epithelia of stomach and small intestine are simple columnar cells.The epithelia of esophagus and large intestine are stratified columnar epithelia.The tongue is salmon pink and it is fixed.The esophagus is distensible. There are many gastric glands in the saclike stomach and many plicae on the inner wall of stomach.The small intestine is the main part of digestive tract.The inner wall of intestine has a lot of villi,while the large intestine has folds but no villi.

We studied the population dynamics and annual production of Rivularia auriculata in the Junshan Lake from April 2005 to March 2006.The results showed that the population was composed of three years classes,with the annual average density being 8.12 ind·m^-2,and the annual average biomass being 13.37 g·m^-2.The peaks of density and biomass were observed in August(24 ind·m^-2) and in September(30.32 g·m^-2),respectively.The lowest values of density(3.2 ind·m^-2) and biomass(3.872 g·m^-2) were found in March.The annual production of R.auriculata calculated by instantaneous growth rate method was 3.5592(g·m^-2·a^-1),and the corresponding annual P/B ratio was 0.27.Compared with other research,the result was reasonable.The P/B ratio was low,showing this resource became rarer. So this resource should be protected and used reasonably.

CuSO₄ is often used to prevent and cure disease in aquaculture,but is harmful to molluscs when its concentration is higher than a certain level.Histological changes of stomach of Anodonta woodiana elliptica exposed to 0.01 mg·L^-1,0.1 mg·L^-1,1 mg·L^-1 and 10 mg·L^-1 of CuSO₄ for different times were studied by making paraffin section stained with hematoxylin-eosin.The results showed that after A.woodiana elliptica was treated with 0.01 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄ for 7 and 14 days,cilium in stomach shortened.With the concentration increasing and the exposure time prolonging,cilium in stomach shortened significantly;muscular layer thinned;gland cells decreased and became eventually vacuoles.The diameter of style sac and the length of gastric shield increased when A.woodiana elliptica was exposed to CuSO₄ concentrations lower than 10 mg·L^-1 for 7 and 10 days,and the wall of ostium of A.woodiana elliptica thickened at CuSO₄ concentration of 10 mg·L^-1.

Nitrobacteria and aerobic denitrifying bacteria were combined and immobilized in micro-organisms ball by adsorption-embedded -cross-linking method,using modified zeolite,polyvinyl alcohol,sodium alginate as immobilization carrier,and using boric acid and calcium chloride as crosslinking agent in this study.The removal rates of ammonia nitrogen,and accumulation level of nitrite and nitrate were measured under different combination ratios of bacteria.The removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was also determined under different conditions through the orthogonal experiment of four factors and three levels.Our results showed that ammonia nitrogen removal rate reached 82.38%when the ratio of nitrobacteria and aerobic denitrifying bacteria was 3:2,and that accumulation levels of nitrite and nitrate were 0.032 mg·L^-1 and 0.053 mg·L^-1,respectively.The highest removal rate of ammonia nitrogen reached 90.31%and occurred under the condition of zeolite dosage of 2 g·100 mL^-1,temperature of 30℃,pH of 7.5,and shaking speed of 130 r·min^-1. Furthermore,the micro-organisms ball made in our study had good mechanical properties and water absorption.

We studied the efficiency of the upflow anaerobic sludge bed filtration(UASBF) reactor in treating landfill leachate in the phases of start-up,load increase and steady function.The effects of chemical oxygen demand(COD_Cr),pH and alkalinity on the reactor running were also discussed.The results showed that the optimal temperature was(35±1)℃;pH was 6.8;COD_Cr concentration was 1000 to 1200 mg·L^-1;hydraulic retention time(HRT) was 48 h;volume load was 0.5 kgCOD_Cr·m^-3·d^-1 in the phase of start-up.The COD_Cr load of the increase and steady function phases was 10 kg·m^-3·d^-1.The removal rates for COD_Cr,NH⁴⁺-N,total phosphorus(TP) and suspended substance(SS) were 71.5%,57.5%,64.8%and 55%,respectively.

The goal of regional development is to reduce the environmental impacts resulted from the human activities,and to achieve the social economic growth without increasing material utilization.Based on the scenario analysis,Gansu province is taken as an example to study the coupling degree of regional energy economy environment system,where the indices GDP,Energy Consumption and CO₂ Emission respectively correspond to the economic growth,resources utilization,and environmental impact.The results show that it could be one-sided to measure the circular economic development level based only on the indices of eco-efficiency or resource productivity. During the process of improving and restructuring the regional socio-economic activities,we must pay attention to decoupling between environmental impacts and resource utilization.

Based on the locomotive energy consumption data and state power statistic reports,we quantitatively analyzed the locomotive energy consumption,CO₂ emission and its ecological footprint before and after electrification reconstruction of the Guangzhou-Meizhou-Shantou railway.Before the electrification reconstruction,the diesel locomotive tractions would annually consume 17.4 kiloton diesel oil and produce 55.0 kiloton CO₂ emission,the total ecological footprint of diesel oil consumed were 12.7 kilo-hectare forest,and the averaged ecological footprint were 0.018 hectare forest per 10 kiloton-km.After the electrification reconstruction,the electric locomotive tractions would annually consume 1.05×10⁸ kw·h power and indirectly produce 84.5 kiloton CO₂ emission in thermal power plants,the total indirectly induced ecological footprint were 19.6 kilo-hectare forest for thermal power,36.37 hectare arable land for hydropower,and the averaged ecological footprint were 0.021 hectare forest and 3.91×10^-5 hectare arable land per 10 kiloton-km.

The five indicators(DO、COD_Mn、NH₃-N、TN、TP) were chosen as evaluation factors according to the characteristic of pollution factors and the survey and monitoring results of Xunjiang in Wuzhou section in 2004～2008.Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was applied for comprehensive evaluation of water quality.The water levels of the monitoring section were calculated.The results showed that TN weight was larger than the others in five evaluation indicators of Xunjiang in Wuzhou section.The main pollutant of water body was TN.GradeVemerged in two sections in varying degrees.GradeV water quality belonged to moderate pollution.The water quality of part-time accorded with the fishery waters requirements of Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard(GB3838-2002).

To evaluate the sustainability of peri-urban area is significant in leading its sound development during the fast urbanization process.We estimated the ecological footprint and analyzed the trends of change from 2004 to 2006 by using modified model and taking Jimei District in Xiamen for example,and particularly compared the relationship between ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity in 2006.The results indicated that during 2004-2006,the ecological footprint per capita tended to increase,while the ecological footprint per ten thousand yuan GDP tended to decrease,which showed the increasing pressure of resource and environment due to urbanization process.However,the extensive and energy-based economic development mode of Jimei District was changed into an intensive and technology-based one.The ecological footprint was about 6.8 times more than ecological carrying capacity,which showed Jimei was in severe ecological deficit.