Researches on national nature reserves of China are of great importance on the construction and management of these reserves.Based on the collected dataset,the quantitative characteristics of the reserves and the relationship between function areas and species were analyzed by variance analysis,multivariate comparison and correlation analysis.Results showed that the maximum numbers of all kinds of the reserves were forest ecosystem.For the area,the maximum areas were desert ecosystem.The distribution pattern of the reserve area exhibited a declining trend from west to east and from north to south in China.The variance analysis showed that there are no differences among the proportions of areas of three function area to the total area in each type of the reserves.In the species-protected reserves,there was significant correlation between the total area of the reserves,the area of each function area and the number of species,plant or animal species,respectively.In summary,results of this study provide some guides for the construction and management of the nature reserves in China.

Zooplankton from two types of drinking water sources(10 reservoirs and 10 rivers) in Zhejiang province were sampled during four seasons from July,2009 to April,2010.101 species of zooplankton(60 Rotifera,24 Cladocera and 17 Copepoda) were found.Brachionus angularis(Rotifera) and Bosminopsis deitersi(Cladocera) dominated in reservoirs,whereas Polyarthra trigla(Rotifera) and Bosmina longirostris(Cladocera) dominated in the rivers,Thermocyclops(Copepoda) dominated both in reservoirs and rivers.Highest assemblage concordance was observed between cladocerans and copepods in the reservoirs with higher water transparency across one year(P<0.01),while the lowest level of concordance was detected between copepods and rotifers.In summer,autumn and winter,there had positively relationships between cladocerans and copepods in the rivers with lower water transparency(P<0.05).Strong relationships among zooplankton groups were found in Autumn for the reservoirs and in Summer for the rivers.There were opposite variations in the species diversity both rotifers and crustaceans underlying the transparency gradient of the drinking water sources.

The combination of fish removal and macrophyte reestablishment is an important way to restore the eutrophic shallow lakes.In order to investigate the effect of this kind of restoration methodson water quality of the subtropical,eutrophic shallow Lake Wuli,Lake Taihu.The water quality of the restored and the un-restored area was monitored from July to December,2010.The results showed that the concentration of TN,TP,Chl a and TSS in the restored area were 43.4%,48.3%,65.5% and 78.9% lower than the un-restored area,respectively.The transparency in the restored area was about three times higher than that of the unrestored area(P<0.05).Based on these results,we conclude that the combination of fish removal and macrophyte reestablishment is an efficient method for restoring subtropical shallow eutrophic lakes,such as Lake Wuli.

Based on allelopathic principles,we used organic solvents to extract the active substances from mangrove plant Bruguiera gymnorrhiza,and extracts of hexane phase,ethyl acetate phase,n-butyl alcohol phase and water phase were obtained respectively.The experiment was carried out to test the inhibitive effects of these extracts on algae.Measuring the cell density of Phaeocystis globosa,we found that all of the extracts had significantly inhibitive effects on P.globosa,and the inhibitive effects of extracts of hexane phase and ethyl acetate phase were better than those of n-butyl alcohol phase and water phase.The 48h-EC50 of extracts of hexane phase and ethyl acetate phase on P.globosa were 14.90 mg/L and 12.18 mg/L,respectively.The initial algal density(IAD) was considered an important factor to influence the inhibitive effects of extracts.The inhibitive rate(IR) was high at low IAD,while it decreased with the increasing of IAD.At a higher IAD,the extracts promoted the growth of P.globosa,rather than inhibited the growth.

The concentrations of biogenic elements including biogenic silica(BSi),total organic carbon(TOC),total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) were determined in surface sediments collected from marine fish cage culture zones,shellfish culture zones,Gracilaria cultivation zones and nature zones of Nan'ao,Shantou in September,2010.Results showed that concentrations of biogenic elements were within moderate levels compared with those from other mariculture areas in the world.Contents of TOC,TN,TP in the fish culture zones were the highest;while the highest contents of BSi in Gracilaria culture zones(the average contents of BSi was 0.30%) in the all survey zones.The average contents of BSi,TOC,TN,and TP were 0.24%,0.89%,0.13% and 0.097% in marine fish cage culture zone,respectively.According the results of TOC/TN ratios,resources of TOC in the fish culture zones were from water bodies,from land in the other zones.Contamination assessment of biogenic elements indicated that TN in the four zones were in the Class Ⅱ pollution,TP in the Class Ⅱ pollution in the fish culture zone and shellfish culture zone.

Liuxihe reservoir,located at the tropic of Cancer,is a large valley-type reservoir.In order to understand its nutrients dynamic,main nutrient variables and environmental factors were observed monthly in 2008-2009,and the variation of nutrients dynamics was analyzed.The precipitation of these two years was 2 660mm and 1 583mm,which mainly occurred in the monsoon period(April to September).At the beginning of wet season(April and May),all nutrient concentrations were significantly higher than other period,and the spatial distribution of nutrients showed similar character in the both high flow year and low flow year.The longitudinal pattern of nutrient concentrations was typical as follows as riverine zone>lacustrine zone,It confirmed that surface runoff was the main path for nutrient loading into the reservoir.The nutrients of riverine zone is mainly impacted by the external inputs produced by surface runoff,and the nutrients of lacustrine zone is affected by the internal recycal which depended on the variation of water level.The difference of precipitation in these two years lead to the difference of nutrient dynamic,high flow year has higher nutrient concentration,and lower DIN/TN and DIP/TP ratio.High nutrient concentration of riverine zone lead to higher TN concentration of lacustrine zone,but not caused higher TP concentration of lacustrine zone.

A natural aeration biofilter was employed to treat the secondary effluent.Results showed that a favorable aerobic condition could be created by the biofilter.And the biofilter showed good performance on removal of SS,COD and NH₄⁺,with values of 76%,45% and 77%,respectively.Individual concentrations of phenolic endocrine disruptors(EDCs) in secondary effluent ranged from 1 to 1639 ng/L for biophenol A(BPA),4-nonylphenol(4-NP),4-t-octylphenol(4-t-OP),triclosan(TCS) and estrone(E₁),whereas estradiol(E₂) and ethinylestradiol(EE₂) were not detected.Natural aeration biofilter could significantly reduce content of above micropollutants with removal efficiency of 49%,63%,78%,80%,and 46%,respectively.Furthermore,the effect of HLRs on the removal of EDCs was closely related to the hydrophobicity of chemicals.Removal rates of 4-NP,4-t-OP and TCS went up with decreasing HLRs,while that of BPA performed the opposite.Moreover,removal rate of E1represented no changes with varying HLRs.The main reason should be that the adsorption affinity of organics with weak hydrophobicity would be lessened by those with strong hydrophobicity.

Growth dynamic characteristics of Phaeocystis globosa,a representative HAB species,as a function of six different nitrogen sources: nitrate,urea,glycine,arginine,glutamic acid and ATP,were examined in batch cultures.The laboratory results revealed that P.globosa could utilize all the six nitrogen sources,and exhibited obvious concentration gradient effect.The maxium specific growth rates of P.globosa under different nitrogen sources were fitted with Monod Kinetics,the result showed the maxium specific growth rates with nitrate,urea,glycine,arginine,glutamic acid,reached 1.05,1.17,0.82,0.87,1.09,0.90 d^-1 respectively,and the corresponding half saturation constants were 9.132,23.758,85.519,7.104,23.94,10.959 μmol/L respectively.In comparison,Growth inhibition was observed in ATP culture with the highest nitrogen gradient 8 820 μmol/L,P.globosa showed the greatest affinity to glycine.The maximum photosynthetic efficiency reached 0.619,0.620,0.579,0.595,0.648,0.667 respectively when the nitrogen gradient were 8 820,882,882,8 820,882,0.441 μmol/L of different N-sources.These results suggested that the growth of P.globosa varies significantly with different N-sources,P.globosa could utilize various kinds of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources,thus providing P.globosa with advantage comparing to other algae utilizing dissolved inorganic nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source.

The methanol,ethanol and 90% acetone were used to extract seven strains of Eustigmatophyceae pigments respectively.Extracting efficiency of three kinds of organic solvents on pigments was detected,the absorption spectrum of three organic solvent pigment extractions was measured,then,content of chlorophyll a and carotenoid were evaluated with spectrophotometric method.Moreover,the maximum absorption peaks of methanol pigment extraction and ethanol pigment extraction on A470 and A666 was compared.The results showed: extracting with ethanol had higher efficiency while lower toxicity compared with methanol and 90% acetone.Content of chlorophyll a and carotenoid extracted by three kinds of organic solvent had no significant differences,while extracting rates in three kinds of organic solvent was similar(P>0.05).Also,the absorption spectrum of pigments extracted by three kinds of organic solvent were similar,and the maximum absorption peaks of methanol pigment extraction and ethanol pigment extractionin at 666 nm and 470 nm showed no significant differences(P>0.05).Content of pigment extracted by ethanol could be calculated by the Lichtenthaler equation.

Twelve cruises of phytoplankton survey were made in Guangzhou segment of the Pearl River estuary in 2008-2010.And 185 species of phytoplankton were indentified during the survey period.The dominant species were Skeletonema costatum and Melosira granulate & Melosira granulate v.angustissima,and they changed with an obvious seasonal succession.During the survey period,the average cell number of phytoplankton in Guangzhou segment of the Pearl River estuary was 5.51×10⁵cells/L,and there were variation ranges among the yearly mean cell number.Through comparing the yearly mean Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index and Pielou evenness index of 2008,2009 and 2010,it was concluded that the eco-environment quality in 2010 was better than it in 2008 and 2009,and the phytoplankton community structure was more stable.After correlation analyzing,the result showed that the concentration of PO₄^3--P was the main influence factors of the growth of phytoplankton in the survey estuary.

Through the use of a natural biological aerated filter for treatment of antibiotics from sewage plant effluent,the removal and influencing factors were analyzed.The results showed that the natural biological aerated filter could effectively remove tetracyclines(58±2)%,quinolones(48±20)% and macrolides(18±11)%,respectively.Microbial degradation and adsorption processes appeared to be the most important pathways for antibiotics in the natural biological aerated filter,whose synergistic effect also could extend the cycle of operation.The results also showed that the treatment of antibiotics was greatly affected by the hydraulic loading rate,and the optimal hydraulic loading rate for the removal of antibiotics in the natural biological aerated filter was 4.8-6.4 m/d.In addition,the elimination of some antibiotics was also influenced by the water quality parameters,such as temperature,pH,COD and nitrification.

Erythrocyte and leucocyte number per microlitre was investigated for each blood sample of the fish in the test and control group.The results showed that the erythrocyte number per microlitre in the fish of 1 000 g group was significantly higher than that of the other three groups with different fish sizes.The leucocyte number per microlitre in the fish of 60 g group was significantly lower than that of other three groups with different fish sizes.The leucocyte and erythrocyte number per microlitre of copper sulfate or trichlorfon treated group was significantly higher than that of control group.The leucocyte number per microlitre of grass carps infected by I.multifiliis was significantly higher than that of control group.The results suggested that the erythrocytes were 1.15×10⁶-3.33×10⁶cells/μL and the leucocytes were 2.20×10⁵-4.40×10⁵cells/μL in the healthy grass carps weighing between 60 g and 1 000 g.

The competitive relationship between benthic and planktonic algae plays an important role in the structure and function of shallow aquatic ecosystem.Bivalves can affect the planktonic algae biomass and community structure through filter-feeding,thus influencing the results of the competition between benthic and planktonic algae.In order to investigate the effect of filter-feeding bivalves on the competitive relationship between benthic and planktonic algae,we conducted an experiment with two treatments,one with Anodonta woodiana as bivalve treatments and one without A.woodiana as controls.The results showed that A.woodiana significantly reduced the biomass of planktonic algae and increased the biomass of benthic algae.The dominant species of planktonic algae changed from cyanobacteria to diatom in the bivalve treatments.Moreover,the transparency and light intensity over sediment surface in the bivalve treatments were higher than those of controls.Our study demonstrates that bivalves can change the competitive relationship between benthic and planktonic algae and thus may enhance the shift of shallow lakes from a turbid to a clear water state.This research has some implications for restoration and management of eutrophic shallow lakes.

The concentrations and water-atmosphere fluxes of dissolved N₂O were investigated in estuaries of 13 rivers of Guangdong Province during July(flooded season) and December(dry season),2011.N₂O concentrations in the surface water were measured by purge and trap-gas chromatography,N₂O water-atmosphere fluxes were estimated by Liss & Merlivat formula.The results demonstrated that dissolved N₂O concentrations in the flooded season were 15.37-175.22 nmol/L,with an average of(73.77±43.58) nmol/L,N₂O water-atmosphere fluxes in flooded season were 0.26-5.40 μmol/(m²·d),with an average of(2.53±1.94) μmol/(m²·d).While in dry season,N₂O concentrations ranged from 44.26 nmol/L to 366.11 nmol/L,with an average of(126.61±102.74) nmol/L,N₂O water-atmosphere fluxes ranged from 0.86 μmol/(m²·d) to 21.88 μmol/(m²·d),with an average of(7.50±6.65) μmol/(m²·).N₂O concentrations and water-atmosphere fluxes of flooded season were lower than those of dry season.Compared with other studies,the estuaries in this study had lower N₂O concentrations and water-atmosphere fluxes.

Nitrate(NO₃^--N) and ammonium(NH₄⁺-N) are the main forms of biological available nitrogen source in the sediment pore water of lakes.In this paper,using stable isotope 15N tracer technique and simulation experiments,we studied the uptake of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N by roots of Vallisneria natans respectively,and their relationships with the concentration of nitrogen.The results showed that the uptake of NH₄⁺-N was significantly higher than that of NO₃^--N.Nitrogen was transferred to shoot after it was absorbed,and the transfer rate of NO₃^--N was relatively high.The concentrations of NH₄⁺-N affected the uptake of NO₃^--N significantly.When the concentration of NH₄⁺-N was less than 0.072 mmol/L,the uptake of NO₃^--N increased with the increase of NH₄⁺-N,then decreased and then maintained a steady state.The effect of NO₃^--N on the uptake of NH₄⁺-N by the roots had a similar pattern.

Rhizosphere microbial community diversity of different plants Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, and Lolium perenne grown in constructed wetland was studied by plate count methods and PCR-DGGE. The results were as followed.Rhizosphere of different plants was different in community structure and microbial quantity. The microbial quantities in rhizosphere zone were significantly different from those in non-rhizosphere zone (P<0.05). Moreover, there were different community structure and dominant populations between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. Phragmites australis rhizosphere had the largest number of common species and species evenness. At the same time, it had the most significant rhizosphereeffect (R/S).The biggest different diversity index between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere was also in P. australis, which showed that it could better influence the enrichment and distribution of soil microbes, and improve the microbial communitiy diversity.

The macroinvertebrates community in six reservoirs and their inflow rivers were investigated in August 2010 in Guangdong Province.Goodnight-Whitley index and BPI index were used to evaluate the reservoir and inflow river water quality respectively.Results showed that a total of 13 taxa were collected in reservoirs.The dominant species were Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri,Branchiura sowerbyi and Polypedilum masudai.Taxa richness ranged from 2 to 5 and mean macroinvertebrate density was 277 ind/m² which ranged from 160 to 480 ind/m².Both taxa richness and density were higher in inflow rivers than in reservoirs.A total of 28 taxa were collected in inflow rivers,and the community was dominated by Branchiura sowerbyi,Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri,Branchiura sowerbyi and Corbicula fluminea.Taxa richness in rivers ranged from 2 to 7 and mean macroinvertebrate density was 382 ind/m² which ranged from 192 to 816 ind/m².Water quality assessment results showed that reservoirs showed good water quality as a whole while all the rivers were polluted.There were pollution in Tangxi and Gongping reservoir whose inflow rivers showed relative heavy pollution.

The distributions of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB),performance of nitrification and its impact factors in mangrove,phragmites and tidal flats areas of Pearl River estuarine wetlands were investigated based on field investigation and laboratory simulation experiments.The results indicated that the numbers of AOB had significant difference at three kinds of ecological environments.The laboratory simulation experiments showed that temperature,pH,salinity and the concentration of ammonia influenced the process of nitrification;especially pH and salinity had significant effect on nitrifying capacity.Higher salinity and lower temperature could inhibit the process of nitrification.Alkaline condition(pH=8.5)was suitable for nitrification in all experiment areas with the nitrifying capacity of about 2.5 times higher than acidic condition(pH=6.5).The optimum temperature for nitrification was about 28℃ and the content of ammonia nitrogen could improve the growth of AOB.The macrophyte was important in nitrogen cycle in the Pearl River estuarine wetlands.

Moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita is widely distributed in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea.In recent years,the blooms of A.aurita have caused ecological disaster in coastal waters.In this paper,main types of asexual reproduction of A.aurita were reviewed,especially budding and strobilation.The present paper also reviewed the important environmental factors controlling the asexual proliferation of A.aurita based on literatures published in the past decades.Then the problems existing in the current research were analyzed.Therefore,understanding the effects of environmental factor on the asexual proliferation of A.aurita will be helpful for the further research.

Contingent valuation method(CVM) and statistical methods were employed to investigate urban residents,willingness to pay for improving urban environmental noise quality in Yellow River Delta.It concluded that 71.3% residents were willing to pay some money for improving city noise quality.The average willingness to pay(WTP) of one person was 3.64 yuan monthly.The gender and education had no significant influence on the willingness.The age,monthly income and influence degree of noise had significant positive influence on the willingness.The occupation had significant influence on the willingness,but the variation was not obvious.The gender and influence degree of noise had no significant influence on WTP.The age and education had significant negative influence on WTP,however,the occupation and monthly income had significant positive influence on WTP.