We conducted a 21-day chronic test with six concentration in order to study the effects of different concentrations of TiO₂ nanoparticle on the growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna. The results showed that at the concentration of TiO₂ < 1 mg·L^-1, adverse effects on the growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna were not significant. At the concentration of TiO₂ >1 mg·L^-1, adverse effects were significant. As the concentration increased, the survival and reproduction were inhibited obviously. The days to first pregnancy, the days to first breeding, the number of broods per female, number of first broods per female, and the number of offsprings per female were all reduced significantly(p<0.05). At concentration of 5 mg·L^-1, breeding was basically stopped, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m) was dropped from 0.347 to 0.106 (control). The 21 d LC₅₀ was 4.16 mg·L^-1. The 24 h bioaccumulation experiment indicated that the greater the concentration and time, the higher the body burden. At both low concentration (2 mg·L^-1) and high concentration (10 mg·L^-1), the burden reached the maximum at 24 h. The 72 h depuration test suggested that the depuration was affected by the concentrations of accumulation. At low concentration (2 mg·L^-1), the depuration was stronger than at high concentration (10 mg·L^-1), and the biological halftime(T_1/2) was 63.3 h and 181.9 h, respectively.

People have paid more and more attention to the salt tolerance of submerged plants recently. The content of chlorophyll a in the leaves, the activity of SOD, POD and CAT, the MDA content and the respiration intensity of Vallisneria natans at every 24 hours were tested in laboratory simulation condition, with salinity gradients of 0 (the control group), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8. The results showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and CAT activity decreased with the increase of salinity; the enzyme activity of SOD and POD, and the MDA content increased firstly and then dropped with the increasing salinity. Chlorophyll content, the enzyme activity of antioxidant enzymes, MDA content and respiration intensity index in salinities 2 and 3 were not significantly different from those in the control group (p＞0.05), and V. natans grew better than other treatment groups. There were significant differences (p＜0.05) in chlorophyll content, the enzyme activity of antioxidant enzymes, MDA content and respiration intensity index between the treatment group of salinity 4 and the control group. The chlorophyll content decreased obviously, antioxidant enzymes activity increased and showed an obvious resistance, and respiration intensity reduced. The growth of V. natans in the treatment groups of salinities 5, 6 and 8 was worse than in the control group, and V. natans withered gradually and finally were dead on the forth day. As a result, V. natans can be used in the submerged vegetation restoration and reconstruction under the water salinity less than 3.

We investigated the feeding rate, absorption efficiency and energy budget of Southern-China-cultured Stichopus japonicus fed with three different sediments (from sea area, shrimp-culture pond and artificial sediments) to understand the influence of sediments on s Southern-China-cultured. The results demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the feeding rate among 3 types of sediments (P>0.05) when S. japonicus acclimatized in southern China was with 26.11±1.5 g weight under temperature of 17±1℃. Assimilation efficiency and SGR in artificial sediments and shrimp-culture pond groups were significantly higher than in the sea area group (P＜0.05). Meanwhile, the greatest assimilation efficiency and SGR occurred in the shrimp culture pond sediments group. Through researching on the equation of the energy budget in different groups, we found that the metabolic energy in different groups had no significant difference (P>0.05). The ratio of growth energy in shrimp-culture pond group was significantly greater than another two groups (P<0.05). The energy budget equation could be concluded as 100C=12.35R+34.91G+8.05UF+44.69R. The research indicated that using sediments of shrimp pool under certain breeding circumstance, FR of S. japonicus distributed more to growth and the growth rate was comparatively high. Therefore, it is advisable to use sediments of shrimp pool to feed S. japonicus.Therefore, using sediments of shrimp pool to feed S. japonicus was apparently an advisable model.

Eucalyptus is fast-growing species, and is widely planted in some provinces in China. Its ecological impacts have attracted widespread attention. The understory plant species, quantity, coverage and frequency were investigated in artificial eucalyptus plantation planted from 2003 to 2008 at 32 sample plots in Zijin County, and Huidong County in Guangdong Province. Species diversity index, the Margalef index, Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index were chosen to evaluate and analyze the plant diversity. The results indicated that a total of 194 species, belonging to 141 genera and 65 families were found, among which 81 species grew in both artificial eucalyptus plantation and its control forest. The Margalef index of shrub layer under annual planting eucalyptus plantation was 0.416-6.005 and that of the control forest was 0.541-4.492. The Simpson indexes of shrub layer and herbaceous layer under eucalyptus plantation were 0.563-0.892 and 0.544-0.833, respectively, and those of the control forests were 0.547-0.939 and 0.621-0.866, correspondingly. The Shannon-Wiener indexes of shrub and herbaceous layers under eucalyptus plantation were 0.954-3.013 and 0.927-2.188 respectively, and those of the control forests were 1.027-2.458 and 1.028-2.101, correspondingly. Margalef index, Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index of shrub and herbaceous layers were not significantly different between the eucalyptus plantation and the control forest(P＞0.05).

Choosing the rubber tree PR 107 as the subject, we conducted one-year observation on Dafeng Farm of Li and Miao Autonomous County in the central part of Hainan Province. The observation, in different months, researched into the quantity of fallen branches and leaves and the quantity of carbon returned from the litters of the rubber trees of five different age groups (8-24a). The results showed that the difference between the carbon content of each organ of the litters collected in 8a, 12a, 15a, 19a, and 24a rubber plantation was not distinct. The annual returned carbon content of the litters of 8a, 12a, 15a, 19a and 24a rubber plantation was 2.41, 2.48, 2.85, 3.56 and 3.79 t/hm², respectively. As the age of the tree increased, the annual returned carbon content of the litters increased. The annual carbon emission of litters in the research area was 12, 0.21, 0.27, 0.19 and 0.27 t/hm² at each tree age. As the age of the tree increased, the carbon emission of litters showed an increasing tendency.

Species diversity of Protozoa in the Gahai Lake was studied based on “non-flooded petri dish method” and in vivo observation from October 2011 to January 2012. A total of 44 species including 1 unnamed species, belonging to 2 phyla, 5 classes, 153 orders, 28 families and 31 genera, were identified. Ciliophora was the dominant group and the number of species occupied 61.36% of the total. Sarcomastigophora with 17species occupied about 38.64% of the total. Analysis of diet of 44 Protozoa indicated that Bactivores-detritivores (B group) was the major group and Algivores (A group) was the second one, which consisted of 28 species and 10species, occupied 63.64% and 22.73%, respectively. Saprotrophs (S group) with 2 species was the least group. We concluded that the quantity of water in the Gahai Lake was worse in winter based on the functional-trophic group of Protozoa, and it needs further treatment and protection.

We investigated the impacts of anthropogenic activities on structure and composition of bacterial communities and evaluated how bacterial communities responded to environmental gradients at Ningbo port. Bacteria in the ballast water from Ningbo port were isolated, and the bacterio plankton diversity was studied by using the Sherlock Microbial Identification System, 16S rRNA gene PCR amplification, and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Meanwhile, 16S rRNA clone library was constructed to reveal the composition and structure of bacterial communities in the most of ballast water. The results showed that there were Alteromonas sp., Pseudoalteromonas sp., Marinobacter sp. and Roseobacter sp. in Indian Ocean, Ochrobactrum sp., Methylobacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Psychrobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Burkholderia sp. and Staphylococcus sp. in Singapore ballast water, Vibrio sp., Legionella sp., Moraxella sp. and Acinetobacter sp. in American ballast water. Ballast water contains a large number of potential pathogens.

The Beijing Olympic Forest Park is the largest city park in Beijing. Since the Olympic Forest Park was built, the plant species composition and sources have not been reported. We researched the composition and distribution of plants in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park based on the field survey data. We found that the park has the vascular plant of 295 species belonging to 75 families, 203 genera, including 60 species of arbor, 57 species of shrubs, 170 species of herbs and 8 species of vines. It has 179 local species and 116 exotic species, including four invasive species in all plant species. It has 183 cultivated plants species, and 112 wild plant species. In the park, the proportion of cultivation of local shrubs species (50.00%) is higher than in the built-up areas of Beijing (27.00%), and there are more domestic introduction species. Finally we put forward some suggestions on increasing plant species, keeping local kind of use, and reducing foreign species.

Calculation methodology of the National Footprint Accounts (NFA), 2010 Edition, was adopted to calculate and analyze the ecological footprint and biological capacity of Xiamen over 2000-2009. We presented the latest improvements in the calculation methodology for ecological footprint and manifested more accurately the evolution of ecological footprint and biological capacity in Xiamen during the recent years. The results indicated that during the period from 2000 to 2009 in Xiamen, per capita footprint grew rapidly from 1.686 9 gha to 3.245 2 gha; per capita biocapacity kept on declining from 0.317 2 gha to 0.268 5 gha; ecological overshoot expanded quickly, requiring 12.09 times instead of 5.32 times of Xiamen’s biocapacity to support the city’s economic development. As carbon footprint was always the largest contributor to the total footprint among the footprint components and its share rose magnificently, it was a dominant factor resulting in ecological deficit. Although eco-efficiency there increases continuously based on eco-footprint and GDP, it is now far lower than that in the other main developed countries.

Fugong County is located in the northern section of Hengduan Mountains, northwest Yunnan, between the northern section of the Biluo Snow Mountain and Gaoligong, and its ecological environment is very vulnerable. We analyzed the regional ecological vulnerability from the perspective of land-use pattern, using factors of splitting index, fractal dimension index, fragmentation index, soil erosion sensitivity index, and habitat pattern sensitivity index, and then explored the zoning law of ecological vulnerability. The results showed that vulnerability of eco-index of all land-use from maximum to minimum was in the order of beach land, town, farmland, grassland, bush land, forest land, and water. The law of region ecological vulnerability was the more peripheral to the Fugong County center, the lower vulnerability. In the 7 classes of region ecological vulnerability, the higher degree ecological vulnerability was, the more increasing the value of fragmentation index and separation index; meanwhile, land-use pattern tended to be fragmentation.

We investigated the effects of chronic environmental stresses, including living space, group size, and external interference, on the physiological and biochemical behaviors of Chinese tree shrews. Our results revealed that when tree shrews were housed in smaller cages, the average body weights were decreased significantly, while the cell numbers of the blood and sternal bone marrow were increased significantly, as compared to those housed in larger cages. Also, testicular shrinkage and atrophy, penis droopy, and decreased sexual activity were observed in the male tree shrews in smaller cages. Tree shrews treated with reserpine in the intervention group had reduced irritability, and the external environmental stimuli only affected slightly the living behaviors, wrestling, body weight, blood and sternal bone marrow cells, sexual organs, and sexual behaviors.

We presented a comprehensive groundwater quality assessment based on Fuzzy-Grey model in Qinghai Province, China. The results showed that the groundwater quality of Golmud was better and in grade II,and that of Xingning and Haidong Prefecture was both in grade III. The specific order of groundwater quality in three different region was Golmud >Xining> Haidong Prefecture, which was the same as Standard Recommendation and also indicated that the Fuzzy-Grey comprehensive method was practicable and feasible. Meanwhile, we used the National Academy of Science’s RA framework as a guide, to analyze the groundwater health risk in this area. We found that personal average annual total risk exceeded the acceptable level of risk, among which the maximum at the cost of 1.99×10^-4 a^-1 appeared in Golmud, which was about four times of standard ICRP recommendation, and two times and four times for Xingning and Haidong Prefecture, respectively. The sequence of total risk was Golmud >Xining> Haidong Prefecture in these three regions, and the Hexavalent chromium was the main contributor to the total risk. This study could provide a scientific basis for local groundwater exploitation and risk management through the groundwater quality evaluation and health risk analysis.

The toxicities and toxicological mechanisms of organophosphorus pesticides to microalgae are reviewed. The effects of organophosphorus pesticides on community structure of phytoplankton are also discussed. The toxicities of organophosphorus to microalgae are relatively lower compared to those to aquatic crustaceans and fish, and the EC₅₀ values are generally higher than 1 mg/L. The growth of microalgae is stimulated under low level of pesticides, and inhibited under high pesticide concentrations. Joint toxic effects occur when organophosphorus pesticides are coexisted with the other chemical compounds. Organophosphorus pesticides influence the enzyme activities of algal cells, and the effects on photosynthesis are also an important toxicological mechanism of organophosphorus pesticides to microalgae. The different sensitivity between phytoplankton species and selective grazer of zooplankton to microalgae after application might result in the alteration of phytoplankton community in aquatic ecosystems.

Heavy metals in the soil pose great potential threats to the ecological environment and human survival. Heavy metal pollution in soil has been a worldwide problem in theory and practice. Soil heavy metal pollution literatures were researched and analyzed from pollution situation, remediation technology application and research prospect. Features of soil heavy metal pollution were analyzed emphatically. It was pointed out that hyperaccumulators remediation technology was an environment friendly technology with less cost and easy operation for soil heavy metal pollution control. Microbial remediation was also an ideal green remediation technology with less cost, less environmental effect, high efficiency and without secondary pollution. To some extent, it could bring economic benefit and ecological benefit. Combined with other methods, microbial remediation and phytoremediation technologies could improve the efficiency of soil heavy metal pollution remediation. On this basis, the emphasis and hot topic on future research should focus on the follows. Hyperaccumulators with high biomass, strong adaptability, high accumulation, easy growth and economic benefit will be selected and cultivated; soil heavy metal will be absorbed and enriched by macro fungi; multi-remediation technologies will be applied together; molecular biotechnology and genetic engineering technology will be integrated; and the effects of soil heavy metal pollution remediation will be assessed.