How climate warming and precipitation pattern change affect hydrological processes is a challenging problem which has attracted great attention universally. However it's extremely essential to remove the effects of human activity and land use change when dealing with its underlying mechanisms. Based on the long-term data monitored by the groundwater well in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, we attempted to elaborate the patterns, trends and dynamic mechanisms of the shallow groundwater table at intra- and inter-annual time scales in this intact forested watershed. The main conclusions were as follows. During the period of 2000-2009, the annual mean groundwater table in Dinghushan increased significantly from -2.27 m to -1.81 m with a rapidity of 0.043 m·a^-1 (p = 0.005). The groundwater table in dry and wet season was (-1.87±0.23) m and (-2.25±0.15) m, respectively, which was significantly higher in wet seasons than in dry season (p < 0.001). Further analysis indicated that the notable uptrend of annual mean groundwater table was mainly attributed to the significant increase of groundwater table in wet season (p = 0.002), while the dry season groundwater table changes were not significant with the time (p = 0.190). CV(coefficient of variation) of daily groundwater table (CV_wt = 0.20) was less than the precipitation (CV_p = 2.77) obviously; meanwhile, the groundwater table depth of the eastern watershed in Dinghushan was significantly correlated to the total precipitation of 40 days before. The change of groundwater level could not be explain by the changed precipitation (p = 0.294) in the same period, and the precipitation pattern change was analyzed to be the basic reason for the increased groundwater table. In the context of global warming and precipitation pattern change, this study conveys a denotative meaning in assessing the groundwater resources dynamic.

To understand the community structure of phytoplankton in the reservoirs in Hainan Province, five typical reservoirs were sampled in December of 2006, May of 2007, August of 2011 and December of 2011. One hundred and fifty eight taxa of phytoplankton were identified and most of them belonged to Bacillariophyta, Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta. Twenty six phytoplankton functional groups were classed and the dominant functional groups were C, J, F, P, K, Lo and S1. The main representative species were Bacillariophyta for functional groups C and P, Cyanobacteria for K and S1, Chlorophyta for J and F, and flagellate for Lo. The function groups P, S1 and F adapted well to mixing water; K, J and C frequently occurred in mesotrophic water bodies; Lo distributed mainly in the deep and large water such as Songtao, Shilu and Wanning reservoirs. Structure of phytoplankton functional groups showed seasonal difference. The dominant functional groups were C, P and S1 in the dry season. The Q index indicated that Chitian Reservoir and Songtao Reservoir were oligtrophic in the flooding season and mesotropic in the dry season. Shilu Reservoir was mesotrophic water. While Yongzhuang Reservoir and Wanning Reservoir were eutrophic in the flooding season and mesotrophic in the dry season.

The marine macroalga Porphyra haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) was cultured at different temperatures (15℃ and 25℃) and CO₂ concentrations (390 μL/L and 700 μL/L), so as to investigate the effects of temperature and CO₂ concentration on the growth and thermal characteristics of this species. The results showed that algae grown at 15℃ had higher relative growth rate and pigment contents (Chla and Car) than at 25℃. Such temperature effects were more pronounced at high CO₂ concentrations. Additionally, algae grown at 15℃ showed higher levels of soluble protein and soluble carbohydrate. When exposed to 10℃ stress for 3 h, algae grown at 15℃ exhibited a slower decline in maximum photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm), photosynthetic light use efficiency (α) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) as compared to those grown at 25℃. When treated with 35℃ for 3 h, the rETRmax, Fv/Fm and α all decreased, with the algae grown at 15℃ displaying higher decrease extent than those at 25℃. However, such decrease was less pronounced in the algae cultured at high CO₂ concentrations as compared to those cultured at normal CO₂ Concentration. When treated with 40℃, the rETRmax, Fv/Fm, α, NPQ and qP drastically decreased. Our results suggested that elevated CO₂ improved the heat endurance in P. haitanensis.

Based on the investigation into hydrology and water quality at the five inflow rivers (Dasha River, Baisha River, Shuangshi River, Fushi River and Wojiang River) of Dashahe Reservoir from March 2011 to February 2012, we analyzed the inflow volume, nitrogen concentration and phosphorus concentration at these inflow rivers and calculated the total external loadings in order to reveal the catchment impacts on the reservoir water quality and provide substantial information for land use regulation and water quality protection. The results show that Baisha River is the biggest tributary with an average volume of 1.01 m³·s^-1, which is located at the southwest of Dashahe Reservoir. Fushi River is the smallest one with an average volume of 0.23 m³·s^-1 at the northwest. The annual average concentration of total nitrogen (TN) ranged from 1.62 mg·L^-1 to 4.37 mg·L^-1, and the annual average concentration of total phosphorus (TP) ranged from 0.08 mg·L^-1 to 0.36 mg·L^-1 at all the five tributaries. Fushi River had the highest annual concentrations of both TN and TP. Dasha River had the lowest annual TN concentration and Baisha River had the lowest annual TP concentration in terms of measurements. The annual loadings of TN and TP for Dashahe Reservoir were estimated to be 176.7 tons and 13.7 tons, separately. Among all the five inflow rivers, Wojiang River at the north of reservoir had the most significant contribution to nutrient inputs with 33% of TN loading and 32% of TP loading. Shuangshi River at the west had the smallest TN contribution with 12% of total loading and Dashehe River at the southwest had the smallest TP contribution with 9% of total loading.

Phaeocystis globosa and three diatom species were grown in semi-continuous culture in order to investigate the effects of irradiance, N:P supply ratio and the competition from coexisting diatoms on the colony formation of P. globosa. Experiments were conducted with two light regimes under N- and P-limited conditions. The results showed that high light increased the growth of all species of phytoplankton, and that higher phytoplankton biomass was observed in the N-limitation culture. Due to their smaller cell volume, Skeletonema costatum and P. globosa solitary cells possessed higher competition relative to Thalassiosira weissflogii and Chaetoceros curvisetus. P. globosa failed to form colonies under low light conditions. Nitrate was the favored nitrogen source for the development of colonies, however the architecture of colonies was not affected by different N:P supply ratio. The life cycle transformations permitted P. globosa to survive when light and nutrient became limited, partly explaining the mechanisms that P. globosa blooms occurred after diatom blooms along the coasts.

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio), widely distributed in shallow lakes, can affect water quality by disturbing sediment and excreting nutrients. In order to study the impact of common carp on water quality of shallow lakes, an enclosure experiment was carried out in Ming Lake of Jinan University from June 23 to August 18, 2009. There were three treatments: enclosures with fish (EF), enclosures with fish with plastic nets above sediments (EFN) and enclosures without fish as controls (EFL). Results showed that common carp significantly increased suspended solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations, but reduced transparency. However, the difference in suspended solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chlorophyll a between EF and EFN was not significant. Present study indicates that there are no significant effects of sediment disturbance on water quality, and the effects of common carps on water quality are likely due to nutrient excretion.

A comparative analysis on the content and distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments of Fangchenggang temporary marine dumping area was conducted, and the pollution status and the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in Fangchenggang temporary marine dumping area were studied using the pollution index and Hakanson potential ecological risk index method. The results showed that the content of Hg, Pb, As and Zn in surface sediments of dumping area surface sedimentary was increased significantly; the overall contamination level of heavy metals in surface sediments was intermediate in the dumping area; the levels of heavy metals pollution were followed from high to low by As (3.59)>Hg (2.19)>Pb (1.42)>Zn (1.20)>Cu (1.05)>Cd (0.91), and As was the key pollution factor; the overall level of potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the sediments was medium; the levels of potential ecological risks of heavy metals were followed from high to low by Hg (87.74)>As (35.89)>Cd (27.27)>Pb (7.08)>Cu (5.23)>Zn (1.20), and Hg was the key factor of potential ecological risk.

Microcystinase plays an important role in the biodegradation of microcystin in physical environment. Partial cDNA sequence of microcystinase (MlrA) gene from water body was obtained by PCR, which was 342 bp in length and encoded 113 amino acids (GenBank ID: FJ972202). MlrA was detected in water and fish body in different seasons by PCR methods. Homology of the MlrA amino acid sequence was 96% and 89% with the MlrA from Sphingomonas sp. MD-1 and Y2 published by saito in Japanese, and also was 95% and 94% with the MlrA from Sphingomonas sp.ACM-3962 in Norway and Sphingopyxis sp. LH21 in Australia, confirming that the sequences was cloned from Sphingomonas sp.. At the same time, we detected part of the fish and water in some seasons, and found the detection of MlrA gene showed positive in April and May, but that of the water detected in the other 6 months, and the fish detected in June and October showed negative.

Saprolegniasis is a common disease of fresh water and brackish water fish. The pathogens are water molds, belonging to the genus Saprolegnia. In this study, six bacterial isolates from multiple fish farm ponds could inhibit the growth of the molds, which were named as SZK15, XL03, TG08, DJ12, HD05 and DS08, and the strain SZK15 showed the strongest anti-mold efficacy. In PDA media, the SZK15 presented an inhibition distance of 11.5 mm on the hyphae and an inhibition zone of 29.7 mm on the spores. The 10 times concentrated cell-free extract of the SZK15 fermentation culture gave an inhibition zone of 30.2 mm on the spores. In the broth assay, the undiluted cell-free culture supernatant of the SZK15 could completely inhibit the hyphal growth and spores germination. The hyphae were inhibited at the length of 2.0 mm and just 30% spores germinated in the 1/5 diluted supernatant. The hyphal growth from germinated spores was also inhibited, and could not form into hyphal nets. The antagonistic substance of SZK15 was sensitive for 121℃ high temperature, and was partly sensitive for 80℃, 100℃ high temperature, protease K and trypsinase. This study provides a potential new bio-control pathway for saprolegniasis in aquaculture in future.

Karst plateau deep-water Wanfeng Reservoir was taken as an example, and its limnology variable and eutrophication characteristics in summer and winter were analyzed. The results showed that characteristics of limnology and eutrophication obviously differed between winter and summer. Temperature(Tem), pH, dissolved oxygen(DO), conductivity at 10 m and 30 m had obvious demarcation points in summer, while only a demarcation point in 30 m appeared in winter, which showed the summer belonged to the double-layer- type and winter belonged to single- layer- type. The temperature change was small at water surface and the bottom, and was about 10℃ in the bottom which was in anaerobic condition. The concentrations of calcium ion (Ca²⁺) were from 0.192 to 0.235 mg/L; those of magnesium ion (Mg²⁺) were from 0.149 to 0.196 mg/L, but the vertical and seasonal changes were small. The concentrations of total phosphorus were from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/L in the surface, up to 0.794 mg/L in the bottom. The concentrations of total nitrogen were from 2.18 to 3.54 mg/L. Judging by the single factor index, Wanfeng Reservoir belonged to mesotropic status. Wanfeng Reservoir layered characteristics in different seasons, reflecting the karst plateau deep-water reservoir limnology variation characteristics. The water layer affected water environment factors and the degree of eutrophication.

Lakeside dominant plants, Zizania caducifolia, Scirpus tabernaemontani and Heleocharis liouana, in Napahai plateau wetland in northwest Yunnan were chosen as research objectives. The decomposition dynamics was studied by litterbag method, and initial chemical components of litters were also analyzed. The results showed that the retention rate of the three litters was reduced with decrease of time, while the retention rate was not correlated with time. The retention rate of Scirpus tabernaemontani (70.5%) was obviously higher than that of Zizania caducifolia (56%) and Heleocharis liouana (52.5%)(P<0.05), while the latter two had no significant difference in retention rate. The decomposition rates differed in each community litter. Heleocharis liouana had the fastest decomposition rate, followed by Zizania caducifolia and then Scirpus tabernaemontani, with k, the average decomposition ration constant, 0.067, 0.062 and 0.039 respectively. The three litters had different decomposition rates in different periods, and the decomposition was closely related to temperature, which was increased with increase of temperature, showing a linear increase. In addition, the three litters were significantly different in C, N components, while there was no evidence showing that the decomposition rate was closely related to the initial C, N and C/N.

Climate change becomes a dispute fact, and it will influence the forest landscape in future. Landscape boundary is more sensitive to climatic change than others. We take multivariate statistical analysis, remote sensing and geographic information system, to quantitatively analyze the relationship between landscape boundary and climatic change. Results indicate that we can take the longitude, latitude and altitude to study space interpolation for 11 meteorological factors. During 1975-1997, the tundra distribution upper limit and lower limit elevation presented an increased and then decreased tendency. Betula ermanii distribution upper limit also presented an increased and then decreased tendency; however, B. ermanii distribution lower limit showed a decrease tendency. The cold fir distribution upper limit presented an increase tendency, but the distribution lower limit of cold fir had no obvious change tendency. The upper limit boundary of tundra and B. ermanii distribution change depended on mean January temperature and annual precipitation; the lower limit boundary of B. ermanii and upper limit boundary of cold fir depended on mean July temperature.

Concentration data of heavy metals, organic carbon and sulfides in surface sediments of Xinglin Bay were processed using correlation analysis and factor analysis. Highly positive linear correlations among concentrations of heavy metals were observed: Cu with Ni(r=0.786, P﹤0.05), Pb with Ni(r=0.783, P﹤0.05), Pb with Cr(r=0.937, P﹤0.01) and Cr with Hg(r=0.770, P﹤0.05). The results showed some lowly positive or negative correlations among heavy metals, organic carbon and sulfides. The results also indicated that heavy metals in sediments of Xinglin Bay had different anthropogenic sources and natural postdepositional processes from organic carbon and sulfides. The main sources of heavy metals in sediments were further explained by factor analysis. The potential ecological toxicity of heavy metals in Xinglin Bay was assessed based on index of potential ecological risk. Concentrations of these heavy metals posed a low potential ecological risk and had a low probability of being associated with adverse biological effects. The sequence of the degree of their potential ecological risks based on the average potential ecological risk factors (E_rⁱ) was: Hg > Pb > Cu > Cd > Ni > Cr.

In the present study, the complete cDNA sequence of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in Lateolabrax japonicus was cloned using the method of homologous cloning and RACE technique. The full-length cDNA of IgM was 1,901 bp, and encoded a polypeptide of 582 amino acids. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the alignment of amino acid sequences from the constant regions in IgM heavy chain of L. japonicas and other related teleost fishes. The results showed that the IgM, IgZ, and IgD from various fishes clustered together, respectively, and formed three major branches, while the branches of IgM and IgZ generated from a single root suggested a closer evolutionary relationship between IgM and IgZ. RT-PCR results showed the highest IgM expression level in head-kidney, and an almost silence expression in heart, muscle and brain. The recombinant expression plasmid (pQE30-IgM) was constructed with encoding fragment of L. japonicas IgM heavy chain cDNA and the prokaryotic expression vector (pQE30), and transformed into Escherichia coli M15. The recombinant protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot using anti- 6×His monoclonal antibody which was specially binding with 6×His of the fusion protein.

Through the use of a natural aeration biofilter for the treatment of eutrophic water bodies, the effects of HRT on the remove efficiency of natural aeration biofilter and relevant remove mechanism were studied. The results showed that a higher removal efficiency of pollutants was found on the HRT of 9.6 min, and the remove loads of TN, NH₄⁺-N, COD and Chl a were 1.08, 1.30, 3.36 and 26.02 g/m^-2·d^-1, respectively. With the decrease of HRT, the proportion of heterotrophic bacteria increased from 7.0% to 98.4%, but the proportion of autotrophic bacteria decreased from 93.0% to 1.6%. The biofilm and mycelium structure also increased with the decrease of HRT. In addition, an empirical formula between HRT and HLR was also achieved, which could provide theoretical reference for the design and operation of similar biofilter.

The effects of trichlorfon, an organophosphorus pesticide, on the growth of Skeletonema costatum were studied under laboratory conditions. The 72 h EC₅₀ value of trichlorfon to S. costatum was 84.8 mg/L, which was far lower than that to aquatic crustaceans and fishes. The growth of S. costatum at the low concentration of trichlorfon (less than 10 mg/L) was similar to that in the control group during the 31 d chronic exposure. The growth was significantly inhibited by trichlorfon at the concentration of 50 mg/L for the first 14 d exposure; however the cell numbers kept on increasing after 15 d exposure when those in the other treatments declined. The maximum cell density in this group was up to 2.77×10⁷ cells/mL, which was 137.7% of the control group. The growth at 100 mg/L was completely inhibited. The results suggested that the wide use of the organophosphorus pesticides such as trichlorfon would stimulate the growth of phytoplankton, and thus increase the rick of algal blooms.

Guizhou is the greatest mercury (Hg) production center in China, and it's also the most serious Hg pollution area. Hg pollution study in a large regional scale was necessary. Through the investigation of Hg pollution source and environmental media in Guizhou, the Hg pollution in Wanshan, Wuchuan and Lanmuchang Hg mining areas, coal combustion and organic chemical plants was interpreted, and the distribution of Hg and methymercury (MeHg) in atmosphere, water and soils was presented by ArcGIS software to illustrate the pollution of Hg in Guizhou Province. The results showed that serious mercury pollution was appeared in those Hg mining areas located in the Northeast and Southwest of Guizhou Province. It is obvious that the total Hg concentrations in contaminated sites were regionally higher than other places. High MeHg concentrations were presented in urban rivers as well as waters close to mining areas, indicating that the distribution of MeHg in waters should be related to the mining and human living.

Soil evaporation is a key factor of moisture migration and water cycling at the soil-air interface and strongly influenced by temperature and humidity. To elucidate the relationships between soil evaporation rate and air temperature and humidity, the air temperature and humidity and soil evaporation rate at Linzhi farmland were studied using the H₂O/CO₂ flux instrument. The relationships of soil evaporation and air temperature and humidity were estimated by correlation analysis. Results showed that the diurnal variation of soil evaporation rate could be expressed as a single-peak curve, and the peak value and valley value of Re appeared at 14:00-15:00 and early morning respectively. The air temperature and humidity variations were the same to Re. The evaporation rate had a significantly positive correlation to the air temperature (R>0.9, P<0.001) and air humidity (R>0.7, P<0.001).

The ecological and biological characteristics, including distribution, habitat soil properties, seed's oil content and fatty acid profile, propagation and culture technique of Pongamia pinnata in South China were investigated to explore its ecological effect in soil improvement and sand fixation. The feasibility of planting P. pinnata as energy plant in coast area of South China was assessed. The results from the current study indicated that P. pinnata can be used as a tool species for soil improvement and energy plant in South China.

The water-level-fluctuating zone is an ecological environment fragile zone, and its severe ecological environment safety problems become the research focus at home and abroad. How to slow down and stop the natural vegetation degeneration and atrophy in water-level-fluctuating zone, thus to restore and rebuild the damaged ecosystem has become a research focus. This paper reviewed recent foreign and domestic studies on the water-level-fluctuating zone. It first introduced the classification and functions of water-level-fluctuating zone, and then overviewed the research of the water-level-fluctuating zone from the following aspects: environmental problems brought about by human activities, ecological restoration and reconstruction, and exploitation and management of the water-level-fluctuating zone. On the basis of the review, it pointed out the existing problems and deficiencies in the research and put forward the outlooks in the future research.

Research on responses of morphology to elevated CO₂ and temperature is an important content in the context of climate change. Therefore, this review firstly described the definition and conceptual framework of morphology. Then, the effects of elevated CO₂, temperature and the combination of two on plant height, branching, crown shape, leaf and root system traits were summarized. The previous results showed that elevated CO₂ stimulated the growth of branch, stem and internode length, resulting in the change of crown architecture. The effects of elevated temperature alone or combination of elevated CO₂ and temperature on plants were various depending on functional groups, species and regions. Moreover, differences and their possible reasons in research results were discussed. In the end, we analyzed the recent research, then indicated the emphasis and direction of future study on reinforcing study on the mechanism of change in morphology and the relationship between morphology and the function of ecosystem.