We investigated the spatial change of bacteriaplankton community structure in the Pearl River Estuary using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) and multivariate statistical analysis methods.Results of multidimensional scaling analyses(MDS) were in good agreement with the DGGE band patterns,suggesting that the spatial distribution of bacterial community was significantly different among the investigation stations.Bacterial community had a similar structure between surface and bottom water in most stations,and changed significantly in water layers in the stations of outer estuary.The results also suggested that bacterial community in bottom layer of stations(A14,B6 and C5) had higher diversity than in surface layer.The phylogenetic analysis divided bacteria sequences into five groups,namely Proteobacteria,Acidobacteria,Cyanobacteria,Firmicutes and Actinobacteria,among which Proteobacteria were the dominant bacterial group in the region.In addition,Actinobacteria were also found to be another dominant group in the Pearl River Estuary.

The grass carps(Ctenopharyngodon idellus) with average body length of 14.8 cm and average body weight of 65.9 g were released in Dongjiang River.Before the tagging experiment,the grass carps fed with artificial feed were acclimated to aquatic grasses. Two tagging methods were employed.One was tagging with elliptic plastic tags(8 mm×5 mm×1 mm) with brass wires with the diameter of 0.14 mm,which drilled through the interstice between the first and second dorsal fin pterygiophore.The other one was clipping the left ventral fin of grass carps.The tagged grass carps were recovered from tagging trauma for about 10 days in a pool.One hundred thousand grass carps were released,and forty thousand of them were tagged,presenting 40%of the released grass carps.About one month after the release,881 grass carps were recaptured,among which 278 were the tagged ones.The percentage of tagged grass carps recaptured was 31.6%in the total recaptured grass carps,and the recapture rate was 0.695%.The food residues in the digestive tube of recaptured grass carps were aquatic plants including hyacinth roots and some kinds of algae commonly found in Linjiang section of Dongjiang River.The results indicated that released grass carps were completely acclimated in the river environment,and that the tagging and releasing techniques established in this study were effective and applicable.The keys of such techniques were as follows.(1) The tagged grass carps with a body length of 11-17 cm can be clipped at a ventral fin or tagged with elliptic plastic tags(8 mm×5 mm×1 mm) with brass wires with the diameter of 0.14 mm,drilling through the interstice between the first and second dorsal fin pterygiophore.(2) The tagged grass carps should experience a 10-day trauma treatment.(3)The grass carps fed with artificial feed pellets should be acclimated to grasses for two weeks before releasing into the river.(4) The river sections with abounding aqua-plants are suitable places for the releasing of grass carps.

The content of cadmium(Cd) was investigated in the farmland of water level fluctuating zone of Zhuxi River.The results showed that the content of Cd in farmland exceeded GradeⅢof the national environmental quality standard,which also exceeded the soil background value in Sichuan Province.Cd was accumulated in different plant parts of crops,among which leaves had the maximum bioconcentration ability(BCA),and fruits had the minimum BCA.Overall,BCA in edible parts was in the order of water spinach>coriander herb>peanut>cowpea>mung bean.Water spinach and coriander herb would bring potential health risk to local residents with HQ>1.

We investigated the structure of Gracilaria lemaneiformis bed and its effects on water environment from February to May, 2010.The results showed that the growth rate of G.lemaneiformis was the best in the condition of thick distance ranging from 0.3 to 0.4 m and seedling distance from 0.1 to 0.2 m.The structure of G.lemaneiformis affected the water quality.In the cultural area,the average concentrations of inorganic nitrogen(IN),inorganic phosphorus(IP),Chlorophyll-a(Chl-a),dissolved oxygen(DO) and average transparency were(133.40±15.18)μg·L^-1,(13.16±1.38)μg·L^-1,(1.86±0.23) mg·m^-3,(9.55±0.46) mg·L^-1 and(1.76±0.09) m,respectively. In the control area,they were(153.81±11.97)μg·L^-1,(15.55±1.05)μg·L^-1,(2.44±0.30) mg·m^-3 and(8.90±0.37) mg·L^-1 and(1.41±0.15) m,respectively.The concentrations of IN,IP,Chl-a were significantly lower in the culture area than those in the control area,but dissolved oxygen concentration and transparency were significantly higher in the culture area than those in the control area.Hence,the structure of G.lemaneiformis bed may improve the water quality by increasing the concentration of DO,restricting the growth of microalgae and reducing the concentration of IN and IP.

In order to purify the freshwater of eutrophication,submerged plants were used to decrease the nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton.In this study,five common submerged plants in Yangtze River Basin were transplanted to algae-based water in summer. The capacity of eliminating total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and decreasing phytoplankton was observed and compared. Results showed that the removal rate of total nitrogen concentration was in the order of Potamogeton malaianus>Hydrilla verticillata>Vallisneria natans>Potamogeton maackianus>Potamogeton crispus.While the removal rate of total phosphorus was listed as P.malaianus>H.verticillata>P.maackianus>V.natans>P.crispus.In addition,P.malaianus had the best effect on controlling the total amount of algae;while V.natans,P.maackianus and P.crispus had less effect on controlling the total amount of algae.H. verticillata could significantly remove the total phosphorus and phytoplankton(p≤0.01),but it had no obvious effect on the absorption of total nitrogen in water(p=0.209).Based on the absorption rate of total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations,as well as removal rate of algae,it can be seen that P.malaianus can grow well and have a stable effect on water purification during the whole experimental period.So it can be considered as a potential plant species to purify small eutrophic water in summer.

The enzyme assay for determining the phytoplankton cell lysis rate has been widely utilized in different water environments.In this paper,we investigated the phytoplankton cell lysis rate in the Yuandang Lake so as to explore the spatial and temporal change and its influencing factors.During the investigation,the dissolved esterase activity,esterase activity in particulate and phytoplankton lysis rate were determined in the inner and outer lakes.The chlorophyll concentration in water and other environmental parameters were also measured.The results showed that phytoplankton cell lysis rate did not change spatially,but it changed temporally.The concentration of virus in water was higher in July,leading to a higher rate of phytoplankton lysis.The lysis rate of phytoplankton in the Yuandang Lake was decreased in August and September,and its value did not change obviously during that period.

In order to explore the management strategies of bamboo under the context of climate change,the effects of elevated ozone concentrations on photosynthetic pigments content,soluble protein content,lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidation system in the leaves of Phyllostachys edulis grown in open-top chambers(OTCs) were investigated.The results showed that with the ozone concentration increasing,the contents of the chlorophyll,carotenoid,and SOD activity decreased;while the contents of soluble protein,MDA,O₂^- and POD activity increased.Elevated ozone concentrations at 100 and 150 nl·L^-1 significantly decreased the photosynthetic pigments content and SOD activity;while increased soluble protein content,MDA content,O₂^- content and POD activity.The results suggested that the elongated ozone exposure inhibited the growth of P.edulis by restraining the synthesis or speeding the degradation of photosynthetic pigments,accelerating the aging of leaves,intensifying the damage to membrane lipid,and destroying the structure of cell membrane and the function of anti-oxidation system.

Ten kinds of pollutants,Cu,Pb,Cd,Hg,As,Cr,Zn,Petroleum,DDT,and MP were used for luminescent bacteria inhibitory experiments with MicroTox Model 500 blinking bacteria toxicity detector(SDI,USA).An equation was established based on the concentrations of pollutants and relevant luminous intensities,and the EC₅₀,which was defined as relative toxicity coefficient(RT),was also obtained.The smaller the RT was,the stronger the toxicity of pollutant would be.The RT of all pollutants was in the order of DDT>Hg>Cu=Zn>Cd>Cr>Pb=Petroleum>MP>As.Furthermore,RT/BCF ratio was used as an index for final toxicity(absolute toxicity).The smaller it was,the more harmful it would be.The pollutants with low values of RT/BCF should be prior to be detected as a characteristic pollutant in Molluscs.Through analyzing,the absolute toxicity orders of priority detection of characteristic pollutants in farming environment of Sinonovacula constricta and Tegillarca granosa were:for S.constricta,Hg>Cd>Zn>Cu>As>Cr>Pb(Jiaojiang River mouth),Cd>Pb>Cu(Zhoushan coastal waters),and Cu>Zn>Cr>Pb(Changjiang River mouth);for T.granosa,Cd>Pb>Cu (Ningbo Zhoushan coastal waters),and Cu>Cd>Pb(Wenzhou coastal waters).

Larix principis-rupprechtii is an alien species in the Qinling Mountains.Using the methods of trunk size structure in the place of age structure,together with life table and survival analysis,we investigated the structure and dynamics of L.principis-rupprechtii population and the natural regeneration abilities of other trees in the community,and compared the population characteristics with Pinus armandii forest,a native species of Qinling Mountains.The results showed that the density of L.principis-rupprechtii population was high,with a small number of seedlings and a high mortality rate of seedlings.Other trees in the community had a very small number of seedlings,so their self-regeneration capacity was poor.Analysis by the static life table from a dynamic point of view indicated that L. principis-rupprechtii population was decreased,whereas the P.armandii population maintained steadily.A suggestion is put forward that L.principis-rupprechtii population should be thinned,in order to promote its regeneration.

We studied the biodiversity of freshwater fishes in the river systems in Qinling Ecological Protection Zone.According to the result of field survey,examination of fish specimen and references on taxonomy of fishes,the diversity of fishes species in Qinling Ecological Protection Zone was very high,with 141 species or subspecies belonging to 79 genera,16 families and 7 orders.Compared with the adjacent zones,the G-F index analysis showed that diversity of fishes in Qinling Ecological Protection Zone was ranked the first,and the index in Hanjiang was the highest in the river systems of this zone.The results of β diversity and Jaccard similarity analysis indicated that there was a significant difference in fishes distribution and composition between the south and north slope river systems.For the three river systems of south slope,the living surrounding of Nanluo and Jialing river systems was similar for fish,and there was less isolation in species and genera of fishes.While it was different for Hanjiang river system,in which there was higher isolation in species and genera of fishes.The reasons responsible for such differences were also discussed in the paper.

The release of pollutants from the river sediment causes serious secondary pollution to the overlying water.In order to find an effective way to control the release of pollutants from sediment,we studied on the bioremediation of contaminated sediment and its effects on the bioremediation of overlying water through a series of well controlled experiments that deal with the joint implementation method of aeration-bioaugmentation in a continuous flow model river.The results showed that the joint implementation method had a good effect on the sediment bioremediation.This method could effectively improve the activity of the biodegradation of sediment(G value) and reduce the release amount of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants from sediment.Sediment G value was negatively correlated with the amount of emission of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants.Aeration,or aeration with bioaugmentation had a good repairing effect on bioremediation of polluted water,but the bioremediation of river sediment had a more obvious impact on the efficacy of water bioremediation.After the sediment bioremediation,bioremediation of water bodies could get a more significant treatment effect.The maximum removal rates of COD and ammonia nitrogen increased from 65.0% and 16.30% to 72.0% and 41.0%,separately,and the water bioremediation cycle was shortened from 13 d to 6 d.

We analyzed the water phase and section pollution type by using single factor index method;besides,we studied the water phase and the relative degree of section pollution by using the methods of comprehensive pollution index and pollution load ratio. According to single factor evaluation on 24 chemical indexes in each section during 2005-2009,we found that the water quality in sections of upstream Fuhe Bridge and Xincheng Bridge was good,and the 5-year average of each evaluation factor did not exceed ClassⅡstandard for ground water,belonging to classⅡwater quality.The water in sections of Huangshui Bridge,Baolan Bridge and Shichuan Bridge was lightly polluted,and the 5-year average of each evaluation factor did not exceed ClassⅢstandard for ground water,belonging to classⅢwater quality.The poUution load ratios in sections were in the order of Baolan Bridge 23.38%>Shichuan Bridge 21.85%>Huangshui Bridge 21.18%>Xincheng Bridge 18.35%>Fuhe Bridge 15.18%.

We found three Oreochromis sp.Larvae in the gut of an adult female mosquito fish(Gambusia affinis) with the body length of 24.10 mm,which was collected from the Ming Lake,Guangzhou on Mar.18,2009.Body length of those Oreochromis sp.larvae was 6.68, 5.85 and 5.67 mm,respectively.This finding indicated that the two invasive species,mosquito fish and Oreochromis sp.,may interact by such predation in the Ming Lake.

Rats were treated with morphine and heroin to build up an animal model of addiction.Levels of 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine in body hair and urine of rat were determined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The results showed that after a continuous treatment of 14 days the levels of morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in body hair were(2.64±0.9) and(2.88±0.6) ng·mg^-1,while those in urine were(27.7±0.6) and(5.2±0.2)μg·mLl^-1, respectively,which were significantly different with the control group(P <0.01).Morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine were the major heroin metabolites in animals.

he proliferous effects of Xanthium serum on BEL-7402 strain cells were determined with methods of clone formation,and the apoptosis rate of cell was detected with flow cytometer.The results showed that the clones in three Xanthium serum groups(low, medium and high doses) and the 5-FU group were decreased compared to the control group,with the inhibition rates of 18.30%,49.34%, 68.12% and 53.27%,as well as apoptosis rates of 6.1%,8.2%,16.3% and 11.3%,respectively.Xanthium serum has significant toxic and inhibitory effects on BEL-7402 strain cells proliferation.

At present,ecological safety problem of the Chaohu Lake Basin is very serious,hindering the sustainable development of society and economy.We proposed the Chaohu Lake Basin ecological security assessment framework model and index system based on water environment and water ecology by using the data of society and economy,water environmental quality and aquatic ecosystems in the Chaohu Lake Basin,and applying driving force-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR) model.We also assessed ecological security of the Chaohu Lake by using fuzzy entropy matter-element evaluation method.The results show that overall,the Chaohu Lake Basin is in a moderate risk status of ecological safety in 2003 and 2007;the changes of water quality of the environment and aquatic ecosystem were a serious threat to the basin ecological security;the TP concentration,NH₃-N concentration and TN concentration in water were the most critical factors determining ecological security of the Chaohu Lake Basin.

Eco-industries symbiosis system is studied by ABM method and the software platform is STARLOGO.Then combined with case study,macroscopic law of eco-industries symbiosis system is analyzed.The results are as follows.(1) For different eco-industry symbiosis systems of nearly the same size,in the condition that resource input is certain,the system is more stable when the total scale of enterprise using input resource directly is larger than that recycling contaminants.(2) For the specific eco-industry symbiotic system, the sensitivity of system stability differs with changing of system parameters.It is most sensitive to the index of contaminant input, followed by the ratio relationship of production amount of contaminants and system input,and it is not sensitive to the index of resource input.(3)The change of stability of system time series is mainly due to the instability of enterpriseⅡ.

Eco-system is a basis for the existence and development of social economy.The island plays an important role as a "bridgehead" toward the ocean.Protecting islands and their surrounding sea ecology system has important strategic significance for safeguarding national maritime rights and interests,ensuring coastal security,developing marine economy,protecting marine ecology and constructing a society in harmony.After introduction of characteristics of the eco-system service function in island and its service value,we analyze the factors which have impaired the eco-system service function,and analyze their negative effects as well.On this basis,we put forward several countermeasures on the protection of island ecosystem service function from figuring island ecosystem resources situation,regulating exploitation order,implementing island ecosystem restoration and the renovation projects,promoting island reserve construction,strengthening ecological environment protection scientific research and international cooperation,and obtaining the ecological protection funds in multi-channel access,etc.

We studied the distribution characteristics of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP), as well as their affecting factors in water of the Xinghua Bay based on the monitoring data of water quality from March to December, 2007.Besides,we assessed the nutrient level in the bay using organic pollution index and eutrophication index.The results showed that DIN and DIP were major pollutants resulting in eutrophication in the bay,which were mainly affected by runoff discharge and marine phytoplankton growth.In spring and summer seasons,phytoplankton grew and reproduced rapidly,and the rainfall increased,eventually leading to an increase of DIP and DIN concentrations.In autumn,water temperature decreased;phytoplankton grew and reproduced slowly;DIP and DIN concentrations also increased.Eutrophication became more and more serious in the Xinghua Bay.The eutrophication index in 2007 was 5.7 times higher than that in 2000,representing by the increased indexes of DIN and DIP.