The gill and kidney structure of juvenile grey mulletMugil cephalus was observed under different salinities by using the technology of histological photomicrography.The relationships between structural changes and osmitic regulation were also discussed.The results showed that as the salinity increased,gill lamellae gradually became narrower,and the spacing became smaller. A marked increase in the number and size of chloride cells was also observed.On the lamellae of these fish,chloride cells were generally centralizing to the base of lamellae,and spreading to both sides.At the high-salt group(S₄₀),gill lamellae epithelial appeared to be separation and off.Structures of glomerular and tubular at all levels were shriveled at varying degrees as salinity increased.

In order to investigate the biological toxicity of Sonneratia apetala,mammal rats,the international standards required toxicity tests fish(zebra fish)and the major species of mangrove mudskippers were served as recipients to observe the acute oral toxicity-fixed dose in rats.Improved Karber's method in zebra fish and mudskippers was used;semi-lethal toxicity test concentration (LC₅₀)and 95% confidence limits calculation were employed in the study.Our results showed that in the 5 000 mg/kg body weight, Sonneratia apetala fruit and leaves could not influence rat behavior,with the 14 d mortality rate being 0,and semi-lethal dose(LD₅₀) greater than 5 000 mg/kg body weight,suggesting they were non-toxic substances.For the toxicity to fish species,the fruit aqueous extract toxicity intensity overweighed the leaves aqueous extract toxicity to the same fish.In the same aqueous extract,the sensitivity of mudskipper was stronger than that of zebra fish,in the order of 24 hLC₅₀ > 4 8 hLC₅₀ >72 hLC₅₀ > 96 hLC₅₀ >1 000 mg·L^-1, suggesting a low toxicity.Based on the findings,we conclude that Sonneratia apetala will not pose biological toxicity hazards.

In this paper,we investigated the removal of inorganic nitrogen in carp farming waste water by Rhodopseudomonas sp. wps.The NO₂^--N removal ratio decreased with the decrease of concentration of strain wps.The removal ratio was unaffected at about 5×10⁴ cell/mL of strain wps,but it was increased apparently when carbon source was added simultaneously(at a final concentration of 10 ppm),with 20.06% higher than control.The NH₄⁺-N removal was improved by addition of strain wps,but it was removed more significantly by the carbon source addition.The addition of 5×10⁴ cell/mL wps and 10 ppm carbon made the removal ratios of NO₂-N and COD increased by 20.51% and 22.03% than the control,respectively.Light had little effect on the waste water. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that strain wps had a competitive disadvantage over indigenous photosynthetic bacteria.

The effects of four different salinity and five iron concentrations on the growth,nitrate reductase(NR)activity and its expression were investigated in Chlorella pyrenoidosa F-9-3,which was selected after ultraviolet radiation.The salinity experiment showed that C.pyrenoidosa F-9-3 grew faster in 0-0.30mol·L^-1 NaCl medium than in 0.45 mol·L^-1 NaCl medium.And NR activity and its expression were higher in 0.15 and 0.30mol·L^-1 NaCl groups than those of other two groups.The iron experiment showed that the growth,NR activity and gene expression of C.pyrenoidosa F-9-3 were all higher in 0.03 and 0.06 mmol·L^-1 Fe³⁺ treatments than those in other Fe³⁺ concentration mediums.The growth was inhibited in 0.12 mmol·L^-1 iron medium and NR expression was the highest in iron deficiency group.It can be concluded that optimum culture condition of the alga was 0-0.30 mol·L^-1 NaCl and 0.03-0.06 mmol·L^-1 iron concentration.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary yeast immune polysaccharide on non-specific immunity of larvae and juveniles Symphysodon aequifasciatus with the extension to the yeast immune polysaccharide in feed(0-2 500 mg·kg^-1). When the supplementation ratio reached 500 mg·kg^-1 (group Ⅴ),the alternative complement pathway(ACP)activity,serum lysozyme activity,phagocytosis index(PI)and phagocytosis percentage(PP)of the fish were significantly better than those of the control (P<0.05),and they increased over time in the same level.And then the non-specific immune index dropped with the increase of dietary yeast immune polysaccharide above 2 000 mg·kg^-1 (group Ⅷ).So it could be concluded that addition of propriety yeast immune polysaccharide will increase the non-specific immunity of the juvenile fish,but without or with overdose of yeast immune polysaccharide will be harmful to the health of fish.

In order to reveal the pollution state of sediment in dump site,we determined the acid volatile sulfides (AVS)and simultaneously extracted metals(SEM)of surface sediment collected from the marine dump site of Cangnan,and the AVS,SEM,ΣSEM-AVS and their distributions were also analyzed.The result showed that the AVS in the surface sediment of dump site was between 0.19-1.88μmol·g^-1,and the AVS in sediment near dump site was higher than the circumjacent areas.The mean value of SEM was 2.4μmol·g^-1,and the contents of SEM were increased toward to dump site.At the mention of the contribution to ΣSEM from single heavy metal,the order was Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd,and the contribution of zinc basically was higher up to 50%,while the cadmium was less than 1%;therefore,the distribution was mainly controlled by zinc.The rations were larger than zero of ΣSEM-AVS;furthermore,ΣSEM-AVS in the dump site and nearby area was higher than the seacoast stations.The metals(SEM) in the surface sediment of dump site posed toxicity to the organisms,thus,there could be potential heavy metals ecological risk in the dump site.

Based on the 1991,2001,and 2009 Landsat TM/ETM+images of Zhaoqing,the dynamic changes of the wetland in Zhaoqing from 1991 to 2009 were analyzed using the remote sensing technology,geographic information system technology, landscape pattern and neighborhood analysis.The wetland area increased greatly between 1991 and 2001,while reduced between 2001 and 2009.These changes of wetland area were strongly correlated with the changes of internal restructuring of agricultural sector.During the last two decades,the landscape pattern of wetland changed significantly in the study area.Both landscape fragmentation degree and spatial heterogeneity decreased,and the patches tended to congregate and connect together.The relative amplitudes of the change in wetland percentage coverage(WPC)varied greatly in different WPC zones.It increased in low WPC zones while decreased in high zones and kept stable in other WPC zones.The maximal absolute growth amplitude and the maximal absolute reduction growth amplitude of WPC occurred respectively in 10%zones and 95%zones,while they showed close and nonlinear correlations to WPC in other zones.The results showed that both change rate and change amplitude of the wetland area in the study region were closely related to local WPC,which indicated there existed the background effects in the dynamics of wetland landscape.The wetlands with different WPC should be protected differently.

Funeral industry is a special field which is closely related with human beings.Due to various reasons,China's cemetery construction started not only lately but unevenly in development.Based on the field investigation,collection and data analysis, understanding of cemetery development status,the paper explored some factors on the regional differences of cemetery,and preliminary studied the relationship between population density and cemetery development status.The correlation coefficient of the provincial population in 2010 and the number of total graves was 0.366,the correlation coefficient of the provinces population density and the tomb of per capita share,and tomb rate were 0.899,and 0.854.The reasons for this were discussed.The results can provide a scientific basis and reference for ecological construction or burial policy making.

Taking South China Agricultural University as an example,we analyze several problems in the process of ecology specialty construction and development,and put forward to a "Five in One" specialty construction mode,which is an integration of five aspects including talents training planning of the specialty,teachers’team,teaching platforms,excellent courseware,teaching approaches and modes and related management regulations.Moreover,we systematically summarize main practices and experiences in the formulation and improvement of talents training plan,faculty building,excellent course establishment,textbook publication, field practice bases construction,practice teaching reform,and whole-process teaching innovation.These practices and experiences can provide some references for ecology specialty construction of other universities and colleges.

To elucidate the relationship between phytoplankton structure indicators in littoral zone of Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake.Weekly results showed that Cyanophyta,Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were three dominant groups,constituting 60%,16% and 22% of annual average total phytoplankton biomass, respectively.Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were the main dominant species in winter and spring,while in summer Cyanophyta was the only dominant species.From April to June,average water temperature(WT)was under 20℃,the biomass of Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta decreased,and Cyanophyta biomass was low,with the total biomass lower than 1 mg·L^-1.As WT increased above 25℃, Cyanophyta proliferated rapidly and became the only dominant species.Under the condition of enough nutrients and suitable meteorological factors,succession of phytoplankton structure contributed significantly to algae blooms.

By investigating of the reed ecological characteristics in field,and measuring the chlorophyll content and the maximum photosynthesis efficiency,the influence mechanism of water depth on the eco-physiological responses of reed in Momoge Wetland was analyzed.The results showed that there was a strong positive correlation between water depth and indices including the plant height, biomass,chlorophyll content and maximum photosynthesis efficiency.Along with the increase of water depth,these indices increased. There was a negative correlation between the water depth and coverage of reed.Along with the increase of water depth,the coverage decreased.The maximum photosynthesis efficiency in June and July was better than that in August.In August,it decreased,suggesting that the photosynthesis was retarded.Our results suggested that June and July are the key time for the growth of reed,and the water requirement should be guaranteed.The water depth of 15 cm is the minimum ecological water depth.The water depth of 35-45 cm is the optimum ecological water depth which can guarantee the best growth of reed.

Picophytoplankton algal blooms occurred in Qinhuangdao coastal water in June 2011.Three cruises were carried out during and after the bloom,and size fraction of chlorophyll a and marine environmental factors were investigated in June to August of 2011 in the area.The average values of Chlorophyll a in non-bloom period and bloom period was 10.85±5.13μg/L and 5.50±3.60μg/L, respectively.The surface distribution of size fractioned phytoplankton in the area was discussed.The correlations of the size fractionated chlorophyll a with the environmental factors were also studied.The results showed that the chlorophyll a of microplankton(>20μm), nanoplankton(2-20μm)and picoplankton(0.74-2μm)accounted on average for 2.1%,48.3% and 49.6% of the total chlorophyll a in the whole investigated sea area respectively in June.In July,the chlorophyll a of microplankton,nanoplankton and picoplankton accounted on average for 14.4%,51.6% and 24.0%,respectively.Correlation analysis of size fractionated chlorophyll a with environmental factors revealed that the correlation coefficients of nitrate with size fractionated chlorophyll a varied from negative to positive with the increase of the cell size in the investigated sea in June.Nanoplankton and picoplankton were significantly and positively related with DO(p<0.01).

Light response characteristics and diurnal variation of photosynthesis of young trees of Ardisia tenera were measured with Li-6400 in fog-cool season,dry-hot season and rain season in understory of tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna.The results show that Pn_max、c and a of young tree of A.tenera in rain season are the highest,which are 2.782μmol/(m²·s),1.233μmol/(m²·s)and 0.007 respectively in artificial illuminant,and LSP and LCP are comparatively low in each season as a whole.In environment of natural illumination,the diurnal process of Pn for young tree living in the understory shows a "bimodal pattern" in fog-cool season,dry-hot season and rain season,and the peak values were 1.288μmol/(m²·s),1.919μmol/(m²·s)and 2.5μmol/(m²·s)respectively.Pn and Gs in rain season are the highest.Tr is the lowest,but WUE is the highest in fog-cool season.Thus,photosynthetic characteristics of young trees of A.tenera were largely influenced by change of seasons,and these characteristics reveal the shade-tolerant characteristics of young trees of A.tenera.Overall,the net flux that young trees of A.tenera absorb carbon dioxide is relatively low.

Combined toxic effect of diethylphthalate(DEP)and nonylphenol(NP)on the growth of Dunaliella salina was evaluated by taking the 96h EC₅₀ as one toxic unit(TU).Cell density,protein content,chloroplast pigment content,SOD activity,and maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(Fv/Fm)of D.salina were examined after the single and three different combined exposure for 96h (toxic unit proportion 1:1,1:4,4:1).The results showed that both DEP and NP inhabited the growth of D.salina.Moreover,the toxic effect of simultaneous exposure was more significant than single exposure of the two chemicals.The values of 96h EC₅₀ of DEP and NP on D.salina were 69.54 mg/L and 1.47 mg/L,respectively.The single toxic effect as well as combined toxic effect on the biomass, soluble protein content,chloroplast pigment,and SOD activity content of D.salina was detected based on the different toxicity unit proportions.Synergetic effect was observed for the toxicity of DEP and NP in the three toxicity unit proportions,which was more obvious in the proportion of 1:1.

By using LI-6400 CO₂ gas analysis system,we studied the diurnal variations of photosynthetic rate and light curve of two introduction plants in Beijing.The results are summarized as follows.The curves of diurnal variation in Pn,Tr of Fraxinus mandshurica and Rhus typhina leaves have two peaks while the curve of diurnal variation in WUE has one peak,but they have differences in the time and the value of the peaks occurred in terms of Pn,Tr,and WUE.The Pn and WUE for R.typhina are higher than those for F.mandshurica.However,Tr is obviously lower in R.typhina than that in F.mandshurica.Through the light curve of two introduction plants we can see that they are sun plants;besides R.typhina is broader in ecological adaptability for light,while F.mandshurica has the high shade-tolerance.The major factors affecting the photosynthetic rate are the stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration and photosynthetic active radiation.By comparing the habitats we can see that photosynthetic capacity of R.typhina has a rise while that of F.mandshurica just has a little change.We can conclude that R.typhina has advantages in competition with F.mandshurica in Beijing.

Photosynthetic characteristics of 1-year Davidia involucrate seedlings were measured with the Licor-6400 portable photosynthetic system.The results showed that the variation of diurnal net photosynthetic rate(Pn) was a double-peak curve at sunny days in summer,indicating there was a significant "noon break" phenomenon caused by stomas.The light compensation points topped at 57.27μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and the light saturation point was 625.07μmol·m^-2·s^-1,which indicated that Davidia involucrate was a sun-favor plant, but its range of light adaptation was narrow.The solar energy utilization efficiency of seedlings was low,about 0.070 5 mmol CO₂/mol photons.Using the stepwise multiple regression we found that PAR,Tr,Gs and Ci were the most dominant factors affecting the photosynthetic rate of 1-year Davidia involucrate seedlings.

In order to provide a theoretical basis for bamboo forest management coping strategies in the context of climate change,we used open-top assimilation box(OTCs)to simulate four atmospheric O₃ concentrations,which were the background atmosphere(40-45 nl·L^-1),the reducing 1/2(22-25 nl·L^-1),the multiplying 1 times(92-106 nl·L^-1)and multiplying 2 times(142-160 nl·L^-1).We researched on the photosynthetic physio-response of Oligostachyum lubricum to atmospheric O₃ stress.The results showed that with the increasing of atmospheric O₃ concentration,the photosynthetic pigment content of O.lubricum leaves decreased gradually,and the atmospheric O₃ concentration of multiplying 1 times was a significant change node;the change of O₃ concentration had a complex effect on the diurnal variations of Pn of O.lubricum.The background atmosphere and the multiplying 2 times were "single peak" curves,while the reducing 1/2 and the multiplying 1 times were"Twin Peaks"curves.To the diurnal variations of Tr,four treatments of Tr showed"single peak" curves;whether the atmospheric O₃ concentration became higher or lower than the current environment,the photosynthetic physiology of O.lubricum would have a negative effect.When the O₃ concentration was doubled or above of the current environment background atmosphere,it would cause severe damage to O.lubricum,with the symptoms of degradation,or blocked synthesis of leaves' photosynthetic pigment,and decreased water using efficiency and capacity of photosynthetic.The influence of atmospheric O₃ concentration on the photosynthesis of O.lubricum performed for the stomatal limitation.

The growth,chlorophyll a contents,protein contents of Heterosigma akashiwo under different concentrations of glyphosate-isopropylammonium(0,0.001,0.01,0.1,1 and 10 mg·L^-1)were investigated.The results showed that glyphosate-isopropylammonium caused significantly toxic effect on microalgae.The cell density,chlorophyll a contents and protein contents were decreased significantly under 10 mg·L^-1 concentration(p<0.05).Low dose of glyphosate-isopropylammonium had significantly stimulated effect on microalgae.The growth and chlorophyll a contents of H.akashiwo were significantly increased as compared to the control group under low concentrations(<1 mg·L^-1)at 72 h(p<0.05).At latter period of the experiment(7^th,9^th,11^th day),the stimulated effect gradually disappeared,with no significant difference in physiological characteristics between treatments and the control group.

Monimopetalum chinense is a plant belonging to a monotypic and endemic genus of Celastraceae in China.It is listed as one of the Chinese national grade-2 protective rare and endangered species.Based on the information of 11 quadrats,the species diversity of communities with endangered plant Monimopetalum chinense was analyzed by means of richness index,species diversity index and evenness index.The results showed that species diversity of communities with Monimopetalum chinense was high with complex structure of plant community and abundant species.On the average,the species richness index and species diversity index were in the order of shrub layer > herb layer > tree layer,while the species evenness index was sequenced as herb layer >shrub layer> tree layer.The species diversity in the tree layer was poor,the number of plant species was low,and the dominant plant species were prominent.The survival of Monimopetalum chinense was affected seriously by human activities,such as deforestation and unreasonable development of tourism.

The indices of specific pollution sensitivity index(IPS)and standardized biological diatom index (IBD)are applied on Ruppia maritime with good living form to evaluate water ecological quality based on epiphytic diatom community.There are 36 diatom species belonging to 9 families and 13 genera with the dominant species of Cocconeis placentula var.euglypta,Cymbella tropica,Achnanthidium minutissimum, Nitzschia amphibian and Gomphonema minutum.The results show IPS and IBD vary from 10.3 to 13.6 and from 14 to 14.7,respectively,indicating the good water ecological quality of R.maritime.There are more than 70%, 60%,80%,70%,70%and 80%,respectively,of diatom ecotype of autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrogen uptake metabolism,high and moderate oxygen requirement,circumneutral and alkaliphilous pH,fresh brackish salinity, β-mesosaprobous and α-mesosaprobous saprobity,and eutrophic state.The results indicate the good water ecological quality of R.maritime is pH 7.0-8.0,Cl concentration 0.1-0.5 g·L^-1,relatively low N contents,low organic pollutions,enough oxygen and moderate nutrient concentrations.IPS and IBD can comprehensively indicate the above environment requirements for R.maritime.

Microcystis aeruginosa is the common harmful Cyanobacteria species causing serious environmental conditions of lakes and reservoirs.Effects of low intensity ultrasonic on cell restraint of this microalgal species under algae growth phase,cell concentration,water pH,water temperature and re-ultrasonic conditions were investigated in the laboratory.The results showed that cell concentration and pH had no notable influence on the ultrasonic inhibition,but algae growth phase,water temperature and ultrasonic times had notable influence on ultrasonic inhibition.The inhibition effect was more obvious at 15℃,20℃ and 25℃ as compared to 30℃ and 35℃,and 40℃ was bad for the algal growth even without ultrasonic.The inhibition effects in lag phase,stationary phase and senescence phase were stronger than in logarithmic phase.The re-ultrasonic could effectively prolong the time of remainder algal recovery and stabilize the algae inhibition effect.

A 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of housefly larva protein on the growth of Litopenaeus vannamei.Four diets(ABCD)were formulated.D,which was a practical diet,was served as a control group.A,B and C groups were formulated respectively replacing 5%,10% and 15% fish meal with housefly larva meal.At the end of the feeding experiment, growth performances of body length,total length and width of carapace were calculated.The results of the feeding experiment showed that there were no significant differences in growth performance among A,B groups and D group(P > 0.05),but there were very significant differences in growth performance between C group and D group(P < 0.01).The results suggest that the dietary supplementation of pertain level of housefly larva meal can improve the growth performance in Litopenaeus vannamei,and the appropriate amount of housefly larva meal can be used to substitute partial fish meal in prawn manufactured feed.