[1] Levins R.1969.Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control[J].Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America,15(2):237～240.

[2] Taneyhill D E.2000.Metapopulation dynamics of multiple species:the geometry of competition in a fragmented habitat[J].Ecological Monographs,70(4):495～516.

[3] Hanski I and Zhang D Y.1993.Migration,metapopulation dynamics and fugitive coexistence[J].J.Thero.Biol.,1639(5):491～501.

[4] Tilman D,May R M,Lehman C L and Nowak M A.1994.Habitat destruction and the extinction debt[J].Nature,371(1):65～66.

[5] Nee S and May R M.1992.Dynamics ofmetapopulations:habitat destruction and competitive coexistence[J].J.Anim.Ecol.,61(1):37～40.

[6] Slatkin M.1974.Competition and regional coexistence[J].Ecology,55(2):126～134.

[7] Sale P F.1977.Maintenance of high diversity in coral reef fish communities[J].Am.Nat.,111(3):337～59.

[8] Agren G I.and Fagerstrom T.1984.Limitint dissimilarity in plants:randomness prevents exclusion of species with similar competitive abilities[J].Oikos,43(3):369～375.

[9] Hanski I.1983a.coexistence of competitors in patchy enviroment[J].Ecology,64(5):493～500.

[10] Hutchinson G E.1951.Copepodology for the omithologist[J].Ecology,32(4):571～577.

[11] Armstrong R A.1976.Fugitive species:experiments with fungi and some theretical considerations[J].Ecology,57(6):953～963.

[12] Marino P C.1991.Dispersal and coexistence of mosses (Splachnaceae) inpatchyhabitats[J].J.Ecol.,79(8):1047～1060.

[13] Lei G and Hanski I.1998.Spatial dynamics of two competing specialist parasitoids in a host metapopulation[J].J.Anmi.Ecol.,67(4):422～433.

[14] Tilman D,Leman C L and Yin C.1997.Habitat destruction,dispersal,and deterministic extinction in competitive communities[J].Am.Nat.,149(3):407～435.

[15] Stone L.1995.Biodiversity and habitat destruction:a comparative study of model forest and coral reef ecosystems[J].Proceedings of theRoyal Society of Lodon B,261(2):381～388.

[16] Durrett R and Levin S.1994.The importance of being diacrete(and spatial)[J].Theor.Pop.Biol.,9(4):542～550.

[17] May R M.1976.Theoretical ecology[M].Oxford:Blackwell.5～29.

[18] Hasssell M P.1978.The dynamics of arthropod predatorprey systems[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press.1～126.

[19] Lei G and Hanski I.1997.Metapopulation structure of Cotesia melitaearum,a specialist parasitoid of the butterfly Melitaea cinxia[J].Oikos,78(1):91～100.

[20] Huffaker C B.1958.Experimental studies on predation:dispersion factors and predator-prey oscillations[J].Higardia,27(3):461～469.

[21] Nachman G.1991.An acarine predator-prey metapopulation system inhabitating greenhouse cucumbers[J].Biol.J.Linn.Soc.,42(3):285～303.

[22] Walde S J.1994.Immigration and the dynamics of a predator-prey interaction in biological control[J].J.Anim.Ecol.,63(3):337～346.

[23] Dodd A P.1959.The biological control of prickly pear in Australia[J].Monographiae Biologicae,8(5):565～577.

[24] Monro J.1967.The expliotation ang conservation of resources by populations of insects[J].J.Anim.Ecol.,36(4):531 ～547.

[25] Turing A M.1952.The chemical basis of morphogenesis[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,Lodon B,237(1):37～72.

[26] Neubert M G,Kot M and Lewis M A.1995.Dispersal and pattern formation in a discretetime predator-prey model[J].Theor.Pop.Biol.,48(1):7～43.

[27] Harrison S.1997.Persistent,local outbreaks in the western tussock moth(Orgyia vetusta):roles of resource quality,predation and poor dispersal[J].Ecol.Entomol.,22(2):158～166.

[28] White A,Begon M and Bowers R G.1996.Host-pathogen systems in a spatially patchy enviroment[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B,262(2):325～332.

[29] Hassell M P,Comins H N and May R M.1995.Spatial structure and chaos in insect population dynamics[J].Nature,353(2):255～258.

[30] Comins S L and Glenn S M.1991.Importance of spatial and temporal dynamics in species regional abundance and distribution[J].Ecology,72(4):654～664.